Applied Soil Chemistry

153 150

154 151

155 152

156 153

157 154

158 155

159 156

160 157

161 158

162 159

163 160

164 161

165 162

166 163

167 165

168 166

169 167

170 168

171 169

172 170

173 171

174 172

175 173

176 174

177 175

178 176

179 177

180 178

181 179

182 180

183 181

184 183

185 184

186 185

187 186

188 187

189 188

190 189

191 190

192 191

193 192

194 193

195 194

196 195

197 196

198 197

199 198

200 199

201 200

202 201

203 202

204 203

205 204

206 205

207 206

208 207

209 208

210 209

211 210

212 211

213 212

214 213

215 214

216 215

217 216

218 217

219 218

220 219

221 220

222 221

223 222

224 223

225 224

226 225

227 226

228 227

229 228

230 229

231 230

232 231

233 232

234 233

235 235

236 236

237 237

238 238

239 239

240 240

241 241

242 242

243 243

244 244

245 245

246 246

247 247

248 248

249 249

250 250

251 251

252 252

253 253

254 254

255 255

256 256

257 257

258 258

259 259

260 260

261 261

262 262

263 263

264 264

Scrivener Publishing

100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J

Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at Scrivener

Martin Scrivener ( martin@scrivenerpublishing.com)

Phillip Carmical ( pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com)

Edited by

Inamuddin

Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Mohd Imran Ahamed

Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Rajender Boddula

National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China

and

Tariq Altalhi

Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia

This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA

© 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC

For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Wiley Global Headquarters

111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchant- ability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-71018-9

Cover image: Pixabay.Com

Cover design by Russell Richardson

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

Printed in the USA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Soil chemistry refers to the chemical reactions in soils that affect the growth and nutrition of plants. Applied soil chemistry is an interdisciplinary field covering soil, water, plants and atmosphere, which impacts plant, animal and human health. Water and nutrients are provided in different types of soil that are home to microorganisms and many other creatures and plants. The properties of these soils affect the crop production of agricultural fields; therefore, this discipline provides support to the sustainable agricultural management of soils.

State-of-the-art information regarding applied soil sciences is explored in this book. In addition to the fundamentals of soil chemistry, model concepts, principles, chemical reactions, functions, chemical recycling, chemical weathering, acid-base chemistry, carbon sequestration, and nutrient availability of soils are highlighted. Also included among the topics are the chemistry of heavy metals in soil environments, ion-exchange processes on clay, along with relevant analytical tools and applications. This book will help the reader understand soil characteristics by targeting soil chemical reactions and interactions and their applications. Since the chapters were written by noted professionals in the field, it will be an excellent reference guide for students, faculty, researchers and professionals in the field of environmental science, earth science, soil chemistry, and agroecology. The subject matter covered in each chapter is summarized below.

Chapter 1provides details on the significance of soils as a carbon store. Retaining and ideally boosting carbon in soils helps to inhibit its buildup in the atmosphere. It takes some time for soil carbon to become mineralized, whereas soil erosion and tillage continuously release some soil carbon into the atmosphere.

Chapter 2provides background information on the chemical weathering of minerals. A discussion of the weathering sequence of minerals from the soil mainly sheds light on the factors which control the rate of chemical weathering, including temperature and time factors, biotic process, oxidation, reduction, comparative stability of various minerals, water, leaching, and acidity.

Chapter 3discusses the effect that agricultural management systems have on soil health by evaluating reduced processing systems, organic fertilizers, and biological control of weeds, along with their effect on the bioeconomy, including agriculture, forestry, fishing, aquaculture, woodworking, biorefineries, and nanobiotechnology. The data provided is based on the evaluation of indicators of physical, chemical, biological, microbiological, and biochemical soil health. The benefits of soil resilience and better adaptation to extreme events are also included.