Richard J. Rossi - Applied Biostatistics for the Health Sciences

Second Edition

RICHARD J. ROSSI

Montana Tech

Butte, Montana

This edition first published 2022

© 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Edition History

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1e, 2022)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Rossi, Richard J., 1956- author.

Title: Applied biostatistics for the health sciences / Richard J. Rossi, Montana Tech, Butte, Montana.

Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2021041757 (print) | LCCN 2021041758 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119722694 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119722670 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119722700 (epub) | ISBN 9781119722717 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Medical statistics. | Statistics. | Biometry.

Classification: LCC R853.S7 R67 2010 (print) | LCC R853.S7 (ebook) | DDC 610.72–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021041757LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021041758

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1 Cover

2 Title page APPLIED BIOSTATISTICS FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Second Edition RICHARD J. ROSSI Montana Tech Butte, Montana

3 Copyright

4 PREFACE

5 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS 1.1 What is Biostatistics?1.2 Populations, Samples, and Statistics1.2.1 The Basic Biostatistical Terminology1.2.2 Biomedical Studies1.2.3 Observational Studies Versus Experiments1.3 Clinical Trials1.3.1 Safety and Ethical Considerations in a Clinical Trial1.3.2 Types of Clinical Trials1.3.3 The Phases of a Clinical Trial1.4 Data Set Descriptions1.4.1 Birth Weight Data Set1.4.2 Body Fat Data Set1.4.3 Coronary Heart Disease Data Set1.4.4 Prostate Cancer Study Data Set1.4.5 Intensive Care Unit Data Set1.4.6 Mammography Experience Study Data Set1.4.7 Benign Breast Disease Study1.4.8 Exerbike Data SetsGlossaryExercises

6 CHAPTER 2 DESCRIBING POPULATIONS2.1 Populations and Variables2.1.1 Qualitative Variables2.1.2 Quantitative Variables2.1.3 Multivariate Data2.2 Population Distributions and Parameters2.2.1 Distributions2.2.2 Describing a Population with Parameters2.2.3 Proportions and Percentiles2.2.4 Parameters Measuring Centrality2.2.5 Measures of Dispersion2.2.6 The Coefficient of Variation2.2.7 Parameters for Bivariate Populations2.3 Probability2.3.1 Basic Probability Rules2.3.2 Conditional Probability2.3.3 Independence2.3.4 The Relative Risk and the Odds Ratio2.4 Probability Models2.4.1 The Binomial Probability Model2.4.2 The Normal Probability Model2.4.3 Z ScoresGlossaryExercises

7 CHAPTER 3 RANDOM SAMPLING 3.1 Obtaining Representative Data3.1.1 The Sampling Plan3.1.2 Probability Samples3.2 Commonly Used Sampling Plans3.2.1 Simple Random Sampling3.2.2 Stratified Random Sampling3.2.3 Cluster Sampling3.2.4 Systematic Sampling3.3 Determining the Sample Size3.3.1 The Sample Size for Simple and Systematic Random Samples3.3.2 The Sample Size for a Stratified Random SampleGlossaryExercises

8 CHAPTER 4 SUMMARIZING RANDOM SAMPLES 4.1 Samples and Inferential Statistics4.2 Inferential Graphical Statistics4.2.1 Bar and Pie Charts4.2.2 Boxplots4.2.3 Histograms4.2.4 Normal Probability Plots4.3 Numerical Statistics for Univariate Data Sets4.3.1 Estimating Population Proportions4.3.2 Estimating Population Percentiles4.3.3 Estimating the Mean, Median, and Mode4.3.4 Estimating the Variance and Standard Deviation4.3.5 Linear Transformations4.3.6 The Plug-in Rule for Estimation4.4 Statistics for Multivariate Data Sets4.4.1 Graphical Statistics for Bivariate Data Sets4.4.2 Numerical Summaries for Bivariate Data Sets4.4.3 Fitting Lines to ScatterplotsGlossaryExercises

9 CHAPTER 5 MEASURING THE RELIABILITY OF STATISTICS 5.1 Sampling Distributions5.1.1 Unbiased Estimators5.1.2 Measuring the Accuracy of an Estimator5.1.3 The Bound on the Error of Estimation5.2 The Sampling Distribution of a Sample Proportion5.2.1 The Mean and Standard Deviation of the Sampling Distribution of p 5.2.2 Determining the Sample Size for a Prespecified Value of the Bound on the Error Estimation5.2.3 The Central Limit Theorem for...5.2.4 Some Final Notes on the Sampling Distribution of...5.3 The Sampling Distribution of...5.3.1 The Mean and Standard Deviation of the Sampling Distribution of...5.3.2 Determining the Sample Size for a Prespecified Value of the Bound on the Error Estimation5.3.3 The Central Limit Theorem for...5.3.4 The t Distribution5.3.5 Some Final Notes on the Sampling Distribution of...5.4 Two Sample Comparisons5.4.1 Comparing Two Population Proportions5.4.2 Comparing Two Population Means5.5 Bootstrapping the Sampling Distribution of a StatisticGlossaryExercises