Fabio Giannino - Electromagnetic Methods in Geophysics

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Preface REFERENCES

5 Acknowledgements

6 Section I: Introduction to Electromagnetic Theory 1 Introduction 2 Electromgnetic (EM) Theory2.1. GROUND PENETRATING RADAR (GPR): OPERATIVE PRINCIPLES AND THEORY REFERENCES 2.2. FREQUENCY DOMAIN ELECTROMAGNETIC (FDEM) METHOD: OPERATIVE PRINCIPLE AND THEORY REFERENCES 2.3. TIME DOMAIN ELECTROMAGNETIC (TDEM) METHOD: OPERATIVE PRINCIPLE AND THEORY REFERENCES 2.4. AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC (AEM) METHOD: OPERATIVE PRINCIPLE AND THEORY REFERENCES

7 Section II: Hardware Architecture and Surveying 3 GPR Surveying3.1. GPR: SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE 3.2. SURVEY DESIGN 3.3. DATA ACQUISITION 3.4. DATA ANALYSIS 3.5. DATA INTERPRETATION REFERENCES 4 FDEM Surveying4.1. FDEM SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE 4.2. SURVEY DESIGN 4.3. DATA ACQUISITION 4.4. DATA ANALYSIS 4.5. DATA INTERPRETATION REFERENCES 5 TDEM Surveying5.1. TDEM SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE 5.2. SURVEY DESIGN 5.3. DATA ACQUISITION 5.4. DATA ANALYSIS 5.5. DATA INTERPRETATION REFERENCES 6 AEM Surveying6.1. AEM SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE 6.2. SURVEY DESIGN 6.3. DATA ACQUISITION 6.4. DATA ANALYSIS 6.5. DATA INTERPRETATION REFERENCES

8 Section III: Applications 7 Case Studies 7.1. GPR: MULTIPLE GEOPHYSICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS IN TURKEY 7.2. GPR: MASSIVE ARRAY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN ITALY 7.3. GPR: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND MONUMENTAL APPLICATION AT A CATHEDRAL IN ITALY 7.4. GPR: ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPLICATION IN PERU 7.5. GPR: MONUMENTAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION AT A HYPOGEAL SITE IN ITALY 7.6. GPR: CONCRETE REBARS DETECTION IN SOUTH‐EUROPE 7.7. GPR: CONCRETE REBARS DETECTION AND WATER CONTENT ESTIMATE IN ITALY 7.8. GPR: LARGE AREA UNDERGROUND UTILITY MAPPING IN ITALY 7.9. GPR: UTILITY MAPPING AND FIBRE OPTICS RECONNAISSANCE IN SCANDINAVIA 7.10. GPR: UTILITY AND CAVITY MAPPING IN TAIWAN 7.11. GPR: PIPES LEAKAGE DETECTION EXPERIMENTAL TEST AND APPLICATION IN ITALY 7.12. GPR: PIPES LEAKAGE DETECTION IN ITALY 7.13. GPR: BRIDGE DECK STUDY IN JAPAN 7.14. FDEM: UXO SEARCH IN BUILDING AREA IN ITALY 7.15. FDEM: SEARCH OF VARIOUS OBJECT IN A TEST SITE IN ITALY 7.16. FDEM: POLLUTANTS SEARCH IN ITALY 7.17. FDEM: FORENSIC SEARCH IN SOUTH EUROPE 7.18. TDEM: GEOLOGIC MODELLING FOR A REFERENCE SITE IN ITALY 7.19. AEM: GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOLOGICAL MODELLING OF BURIED VALLEYS 7.20. AEM: EFFECT OF INDUCED POLARIZATION OVER AEM DATA REFERENCES 8 General on Planning and Logistic 8.1. PLANNING A CAMPAIGN AND MOBILIZATION ASPECTS 8.2. SHIPMENT AND CLEARANCE OF SURVEY EQUIPMENT 8.3. MANAGING THE OPERATIVE ASPECTS OF THE FIELD ACTIVITY 8.4. DE‐MOBILIZATION 8.5. REPORTING

9 Index

10 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 2 Table 2.1.1 Values of the relative dielectric constant ε r, electrical conduct... Table 2.1.2 Wavelength values λ as a function of the frequency at several ele...

2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Suitable sampling intervals and corresponding antenna frequencies (...

3 Chapter 7Table 7.1 summary of the results in all the bridge sector after GPR data inte...Table 7.2 Gate intervals (starting from first gate useable for modelling) and...

1 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1.1 Sketch of the basic components of a GPR system and principle of... Figure 2.1.2 Schematic illustration of data acquisition in the reflection pr... Figure 2.1.3 Schematic illustration of data acquisition in the a) CMP, b) tr... Figure 2.1.4 Electromagnetic‐wave velocity measurements: (a) the known objec... Figure 2.1.5 Electromagnetic wave velocity analysis with the hyperbola adapt... Figure 2.1.6 Relation between EM wave velocity and frequency (a) and between... Figure 2.1.7 Elliptical cone of GPR penetration into the ground. Figure 2.2.1 1) The magnet does not move and no electric current is measured... Figure 2.2.2 A magnetic field is generated (dashed splines) when an electric... Figure 2.2.3 Sketch of the propagation of an EM filed generated by a transmi... Figure 2.2.4 Sketch of the phase relation between the primary and the second... Figure 2.2.5 Sketch of the response of the Real component (solid line) and t... Figure 2.2.6 Vertical dipole (1) and horizontal dipole (2) FDEM data acquisi... Figure 2.2.7 relative contribution to the secondary magnetic field H srespec... Figure 2.3.1 Typical TDEM acquisition scheme. Figure 2.3.2 A Prototype acquisition TDEM system. All the essential parts of... Figure 2.3.3 Prototype acquisition ProTEM manufactured by Geonics Ltd. (www.... Figure 2.3.4 The circular‐shaped receiving coil of the ProTEM (Geonics Ltd.)... Figure 2.3.5 The square‐shaped receiving coil of the TDEM system. Figure 2.3.6 Scheme of injection of the current with a TDEM system. (a) In t... Figure 2.3.7 Example of decaying curve of the measured tension with time (fr... Figure 2.3.8 Sketch of the decaying curve of the measured tension with time....

2 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Scheme of Georadar system. Figure 3.2 Graph of the function expressed in eq. 1, drawn by 2001 points. Figure 3.3 Graph of the function expressed in eq. 1, drawn by 7 points. Figure 3.4 Graph of the function expressed in eq. 1, drawn by 17 points. Figure 3.5 Graph of the function expressed in eq. 1, drawn by 40 points. Figure 3.6 Graph of the function expressed in Eq. (3.2), drawn by 7x7 points... Figure 3.7 Graph of the function expressed in Eq. (3.2), drawn by 20x20 poin... Figure 3.8 Graph of the function expressed in Eq. (3.2), drawn by 100x100 po... Figure 3.9 Graph of the function expressed in Eq. (3.2), drawn by 200x200 po... Figure 3.10 Graph of the function expressed in Eq. (3.2), drawn by 1500x1500...Figure 3.11 Representation of a sine wave.Figure 3.12 Top panel: two sinc functions that are cut at half height. Botto...Figure 3.13 The reconfigurable stepped‐frequency Georadar system.Figure 3.14 Scheme for reconfigurable antennas: the antennas are “short” if ...Figure 3.15 Schematization of the method for calculating the radar equation....Figure 3.16 TPL as a function of the reflector distance when A changes (modi...Figure 3.17 Basic architecture of a GPR.Figure 3.18 Experimental graph of the TPL versus penetration depth, obtained...Figure 3.19 Short time window losing the target.Figure 3.20 GPR trace: 512 samples per trace (a), and 128 samples per trace ...Figure 3.21 Radar section acquired with a spatial sample interval of 4 trace...Figure 3.22 (a) Radar section acquired with a spatial sample interval of 0.0...Figure 3.23 Data acquisition. Acquisition mode without GNSS.Figure 3.24 Data acquisition. Acquisition mode with GNSS.Figure 3.25 GPR profiles in x‐direction and 1.0 m spaced: the depth slice vi...Figure 3.26 GPR profiles in y‐direction and 1.0 m spaced: the depth slice vi...Figure 3.27 GPR profiles in xy‐direction and 1.0 m spaced: the depth slice v...Figure 3.28 The depth slice visualization: (a) x‐direction, (b) y‐direction,...Figure 3.29 GPR profiles in x‐direction and 0.5 m spaced: the depth slice vi...Figure 3.30 GPR profiles in y‐direction and 0.5 m spaced: the depth slice vi...Figure 3.31 GPR profiles in xy‐direction and 0.5 m spaced: the depth slice v...Figure 3.32 The depth slice visualization: (a) x‐direction, (b) y‐direction,...Figure 3.33 GPR profiles in x‐direction and 0.25 m spaced: the depth slice v...Figure 3.34 GPR profiles in y‐direction and 0.25 m spaced: the depth slice v...Figure 3.35 GPR profiles in xy‐direction and 0.25 m spaced: the depth slice ...Figure 3.36 The depth slice visualization: (a) x‐direction, (b) y‐direction,...Figure 3.37 The depth slice visualization: (a) x‐direction 1 m (b) x‐directi...Figure 3.38 The depth slice visualization: (a) y‐direction 1 m, (b) y‐direct...Figure 3.39 The depth slice visualization: (a) xy‐direction 1 m, (b) xy‐dire...Figure 3.40 The IDS Stream C.Figure 3.41 The depth slices 0.4‐0.