Mark Zegarelli - Basic Math & Pre-Algebra All-in-One For Dummies (+ Chapter Quizzes Online)

Now, you can subtract , and place this result in the ones’ column below the line:

Next, you want to subtract in the tens’ column. Again, you need to borrow 1 from the column to the left, changing 8 to 7, and adding 10 to the 4, making it 14:

Now, you can subtract , placing 8 in the tens’ column below the line:

To complete the problem, subtract in the hundreds’ column:

Therefore, .

Stacked multiplication provides a systematic way to multiply a pair of larger numbers.

For example, to multiply , set up the multiplication as shown here, then begin by multiplying as follows:

Next, multiply . Because this result is more than one digit, place the 2 next to the 8 and carry the 1, as you would when adding:

Now, multiply , then add the 1 you carried, . This time, write the 9 below the line and carry the 2:

To finish the problem, multiply , then add the 2 you carried, , completing the problem as follows:

Therefore, .

When multiplying by a number that has more than one digit, multiply each digit in turn by the top number, and then finish by adding the results. For example, to multiply , begin by multiplying as follows:

Next, multiply :

Before moving on, notice that I have lined up this result, 658, with the multiplier, 7. To complete the problem, add these two results as follows:

Therefore, .

Long division allows you to divide larger numbers in a systematic way.

For example, to divide , set up the problem as follows:

Begin by trying to divide 6 into the first digit of 347 by itself. Because 3 is less than 6, this division doesn’t work. Next, try dividing 6 into 34. In this case, 6 goes into 34 as many as 5 times, so record this answer over the 4:

Now, multiply , placing this result below 34: