Martin Jacques - When China Rules the World

[577]‘China Aids Barclays on ABN Amro’, Financial Times , 23 July 2007; ‘The Chinese Bank Plan is One to Watch’, Financial Times , 23 July 2007.

[578]‘Bear Stearns in Landmark China Deal’, Financial Times , 22 October 2007.

[579]‘Chinese Banks Seek Stake in StanChart’, Financial Times , 18 November 2007. Earlier in 2007, the Bank of China was reported as being interested in acquiring a US bank; ‘Bank of China Seeking US Acquisition Targets’, South China Morning Post , 22 January 2007.

[580]Wang Zhengyi, ‘Conceptualising Economic Security and Governance’, p. 541.

[581]Elizabeth Economy, ‘China, the United States and the World Trade Organization’, Council on Foreign Relations, Washington, DC, 3 July 2002, pp. 1–4; Shen Boming, ‘The Challenges Ahead: China’s Membership in WTO’, 2002, available to download from www.cap.lmu.de/transatlantic/download/Shen_Boming.doc, p. 7; Shenkar, The Chinese Century , pp. 167-8; Yu Yong Ding, ‘The Interactions between China and the World Economy’, pp. 4–5.

[582]‘China Tackles Tainted Food Crisis’, ‘Scandal-hit China Food Firms Shut’, ‘Chinese-made Toys Recalled in US’ and ‘Bush Tackles Scares over Imports’, all posted at www.bbc.co.uk/news; ‘US Trade Body Sets Stage for Action on Beijing “Sub- sidies”’, South China Morning Post , 18 December 2006: ‘Mattel Apologises to “the Chinese People”’, Financial Times , 21 September 2007; ‘Beijing Overhauling Food Safety Controls’, International Herald Tribune , 7 June 2007.

[583]Wang Zhengyi, ‘Conceptualising Economic Security and Governance’, p. 541.

[584]AsiaInt.com, Economist Intelligence Review , October/November 2006, pp. 1–5; and Martin Jacques, ‘The Death of Doha ’, Guardian , 13 July 2006.

[585]Kynge, China Shakes the World , pp. 72, 78–82.

[586]In its projections for 2020, the World Bank suggests that the developed world will continue to be a net beneficiary of China ’s rise because of the latter’s demands for its capital-intensive manufactured products together with services, and because of the significant terms of trade gains that will accrue from its growing demand for these products. But they will continue to lose out in labour-intensive manufactured products as China moves up the value-added chain. Countries that are close competitors of China — like India, Indonesia and the Philippines — will probably still benefit, but they will find the prices of their major exports falling; while less developed countries which are not endowed with natural resources will find China’s continued growth having a relatively neutral economic effect at best. See World Bank, China Engaged: Integration with the Global Economy (Washington, DC: 1997), pp. 29–35.

[587]Kynge, China Shakes the World , pp. 118-20.

[588]Thomas L. Friedman, ‘Democrates and China ’, International Herald Tribune , 11–12 November 2006; ‘G7 Calls for Stronger Chinese Yuan’, posted on www.bbc.co.uk/news.

[589]James Mann, The China Fantasy: How Our Leaders Explain Away Chinese Repression (New York: Viking, 2007), pp. 1–7.

[590]James Kynge, China Shakes the World: The Rise of a Hungry Nation (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2006), p. 203; and Julia Lovell, The Great Wall: China against the World 1000 BC - AD 2000 (London: Atlantic Books, 2006), pp. 30 and 27.

[591]Lucian W. Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 207, 212-17.

[592]Wang Gungwu, ‘Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia: A Background Essay’, in John King Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), p. 61.

[593]Cited in Zheng Yongnian, Will China Become Democratic?: Elite, Class and Regime Transition (Singapore: EAI, 2004), p. 81.

[594]Huang Ping, ‘“Beijing Consensus”, or “Chinese Experiences”, or What?’, unpublished paper, 2005, p. 6.

[595]Tu Wei-ming, The Living Tree: The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. 3–4.

[596]Daniel A. Bell and Hahm Chaibong, eds, Confucianism for the Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 1.

[597]Wang Gungwu, The Chineseness of China: Selected Essays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 2–3.

[598]Peter Nolan, China at the Crossroads (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004), p. 154.

[599]Interview with Huang Ping, Beijing, 10 December 2005.

[600]Tu Wei-ming, The Living Tree , p. 17.

[601]Howard Gardner, To Open Minds (New York: BasicBooks, 1989), p. 269; also pp. 13–14, 150, 217. Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics , pp. 94- 5. Given that calligraphy, the drawing and reproducing of characters, forms the basis of Chinese art, it is unsurprising that it is of a quite different content and style to Western art. Which, one might ask, is the better system? Howard Gardner, the American educationalist, argues that both have their strengths. The point that needs stressing here, though, is the fundamental difference between the two and their deep historical and cultural roots; in the light of this, we should not expect to witness any serious pattern of convergence. Gardner argues: ‘It [is] disastrous to inject — unexamined — our notions of education, progress, technology into alien cultural contexts: it [is] far more timely to understand these alternative conceptions on their own terms, to learn from them if possible, and for the most part to respect (rather than to tamper with) their assumptions and their procedures.’ Gardner, To Open Minds , p.118.

[602]Interview with Huang Ping, Beijing, 10 December 2005; Huang Ping, ‘“Bei jing Consensus”, or “Chinese Experiences”, or What?’, p. 7.

[603]Wang Gungwu, The Chineseness of China , p. 2.

[604]Diana Lary, ‘Regions and Nation: The Present Situation in China in Historical Context’, Pacific Affairs , 70: 2 (Summer 1997), p. 182.

[605]Tu Wei-ming, The Living Tree , p. 4.

[606]Also, Shi Anbin, ‘Mediating Chinese-ness: Identity Politics and Media Culture in Contemporary China’, in Anthony Reid and Zheng Yangwen, eds, Negotiating Asymmetry: China’s Place in Asia (Singapore: NUS Press, 2009), p. 13.

[607]Lucian W. Pye, ‘Chinese Democracy and Constitutional Development’, in Fumio Itoh, ed., China in the Twenty-first Century: Politics, Economy, and Society (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1997), p. 209.

[608]Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics , p. 235.

[609]William A. Callahan, Contingent States: Greater China and Transnational Relations (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), pp. 81, 109.

[610]Pye, ‘Chinese Democracy and Constitutional Development’, pp. 208-10; and Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics , pp. 209- 10.

[611]David S. G. Goodman and Gerald Segal, China Rising: Nationalism and Interdependence (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 32, 44-5.

[612]Ibid., pp. 31-2.

[613]Pye, ‘Chinese Democracy and Constitutional Development’, pp. 209- 10.

[614]Minxin Pei recounts a classic example of this concerning Hubei province and former Premier Zhu Rongji. See his ‘How One Political Insider is Using His Influence to Push Rural Reforms’, South China Morning Post , 2 January 2003.

[615]Zheng Yongian, Will China Become Democratic? , p. 329.

[616]Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics , p. 209.

[617]Zheng Yongnian, Discovering Chinese Nationalism in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 30–33, 40–41.