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Martin Jacques - When China Rules the World

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Название:
When China Rules the World
Автор:
Martin Jacques
Жанр:
Политика / на английском языке
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неизвестен
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When China Rules the World: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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For well over two hundred years we have lived in a western-made world, one where the very notion of being modern is inextricably bound up with being western. The twenty-first century will be different. The rise of China, India and the Asian tigers means that, for the first time, modernity will no longer be exclusively western. The west will be confronted with the fact that its systems, institutions and values are no longer the only ones on offer. The key idea of Martin Jacques's ground-breaking new book is that we are moving into an era of contested modernity. The central player in this new world will be China. Continental in size and mentality, China is a 'civilisation-state' whose characteristics, attitudes and values long predate its existence as a nation-state. Although clearly influenced by the west, its extraordinary size and history mean that it will remain highly distinct, and as it exercises its rapidly growing power it will change much more than the world's geo-politics. The nation-state as we understand it will no longer be globally dominant, and the Westphalian state-system will be transformed; ideas of race will be redrawn. This profound and far-sighted book explains for the first time the deeper meaning of the rise of China.
***
China Digital Times
Book Review: When China Rules the World
“When you’re alone and life is making you lonely, you can always go: downtown.” So warbled the British singer, Petula Clark in the 1960s. However, today if solitude is your constant companion, I would suggest that you purchase a copy of this riveting book and read it on the bus and in airports — as I have been doing in recent days, with the dramatic words on the bright red cover of this weighty tome blaring insistently — and no doubt you will find, as I have, that your reading reverie will be constantly interrupted by a stream of anxious interlopers curious to know what the future may hold.
For like Petula Clark, the author too hails from London, though the startling message he brings decidedly differs from her melancholy intervention. For it is the author’s conclusion that sooner rather than later, China — a nation ruled by a Communist Party — will have the most sizeable and powerful economy in the world and that this will have manifold economic, cultural, psychological (and racial) consequences. Strangely enough, Jacques — one of the better respected intellectuals in the North Atlantic community — does not dwell upon how this monumental turn of events occurred. To be sure, he pays obeisance to the leadership of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, who in 1978, opened China’s economy to massive inward foreign direct investment, which set the stage for the 21st Century emergence of the planet’s most populous nation. Yet, for whatever reason, Jacques — who once was a leading figure in the British Communist Party — does not deign to detail to the gentle reader how Beijing brokered an alliance with US imperialism, that helped to destabilize their mutual foe in Moscow, which prepared the path for the gargantuan capital infusion that has transformed China and bids fair to do the same for the world as a whole.
Still, it is noteworthy that this book’s back-cover carries blurbs from the conservative economic historian, Niall Ferguson of Harvard (Henry Kissinger’s authorized biographer); the leading historian, Eric Hobsbawm; the well-known Singaporean intellectual and leader, Kishore Mahbubani (who has written a book that mirrors Jacques’ earthshaking conclusions); and a raft of Chinese thinkers who do not seem displeased nor surprised by his findings.

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[463]Yu Yongding, ‘Opinions on Structure Reform and Exchange Rate Regimes’, pp. 1, 6–8.

[464]Interview with Yu Yongding, Singapore, 3 March 2006; and Yu Yongding, ‘Opinions on Structure Reform and Exchange Rate Regimes’.

[465]Yu Yongding, ‘ China ’s Structural Adjustment’, pp. 1–5.

[466]Interview with Zhu Wenhui, Beijing, 20 November 2006; interview with Fang Ning, Beijing, 7 December 2005; and interview with Wang Hui, Beijing, 23 May 2006.

[467]Ibid., p. 2.

[468]Peter Nolan, China at the Crossroads (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004), p. 15.

[469]Maddison, Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run , p. 98.

[470]Wang Zhengyi, ‘Conceptualising Economic Security and Governance’, pp. 531-4; Zheng Yongnian, Will China Become Democratic ? pp. 296–301.

[471]Gittings, The Changing Face of China , pp. 274-5.

[472]Quoted in Zheng Yongnian, Discovering Chinese Nationalism in China , p. 32.

[473]Wang Zhengyi, ‘Conceptualising Economic Security and Governance’, pp. 534-5.

[474]Zheng Yongnian, Will China Become Democratic? , pp. 104- 5.

[475]Ibid., pp. 136-7.

[476]Zheng Yongnian, Discovering Chinese Nationalism in China , p. 32.

[477]Nolan, China at the Crossroads , p. 30. Chinese tax revenues increased by 22 per cent in 2006 and by 20 per cent in 2005, which suggests that this process is continuing.

[478]David Shambaugh, ‘The Rise of China and Asia’s New Dynamics’, in Shambaugh, ed., Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), p. 18.

[479]‘Year of the Three Big Headaches’, South China Morning Post , 4 January 2007.

[480]‘ China ’s Priorities’, Financial Times , 9 March 2008.

[481]Yu Yongding, ‘ China ’s Structural Adjustment’, p. 5.

[482]Yu Yongding, ‘ China ’s Rise, Twin Surplus and the Change of China’s Development Strategy’, pp. 24-5.

[483]‘What Will the World Gain from China in 20 Years?’ China Business Review , March/April 2003.

[484]Zha Daojiong, ‘China’s Energy Security and Its International Relations’, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly , 3: 3 (November 2005), p. 44; and Yu Yongding, ‘The Interactions between China and the World Economy’, unpublished paper, Nikkei Simbon Symposium, 5 April 2005, p. 2.

[485]Lester R. Brown, ‘A New World Order’, Guardian , 25 January 2006.

[486]Javier Blas and Carola Hoyos, ‘IEA Predicts Oil Price to Rebound to $100’, Financial Times , 5 November 2008.

[487]Joseph Kahn and Jim Yardley, ‘As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes’, New York Times , 26 August 2007.

[488]Elizabeth C. Economy, The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China’s Future (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004), Chapter 2; Mark Elvin, The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environmental History of China (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004), pp. 460-71.

[489]John Warburton and Leo Horn, ‘ China ’s Crisis: A Development Perspective (Part One)’, 25 October 2007, posted on www.chinadialogue.net.

[490]Gaoming Jiang and Jixi Gao, ‘The Terrible Cost of China’s Growth’, 12 January 2007, posted on www.chinadialogue.net; Economy, The River Runs Black , p. 18; Warburton and Horn, ‘China’s Crisis: A Development Perspective (Part One)’.

[491]‘Chinese Carmakers Veer to Green’, International Herald Tribune , 21–22 April 2007.

[492]‘Can Shanghai Turn Green and Grow?’, posted on www.bbc.co.uk/news; Lex, ‘Chinese Cars’, Financial Times , 6 July 2007.

[493]Yu Yongding, ‘The Interactions between China and the World Economy’, p. 3.

[494]‘ China Gains on US in Emissions’, International Herald Tribune , 9 November 2006.

[495]Warburton and Horn, ‘ China ’s Crisis’.

[496]‘China Gas Emissions “ May Pass US ”’, 25 April, 2007, posted on http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk. The International Energy Agency originally estimated that China would surpass the US in 2009 as the biggest emitter of the main gas linked to global warming.

[497]www.foundation.org.uk/801/311002_2pdf.

[498]Jonathon Porritt, ‘ China Could Lead the Fight for a Cooler Climate’, 13 November 2007, posted on www.chinadialogue.net (accessed 2/6/08). The Chinese National Climate Change Assessment Report has predicted that by 2020 the average temperature in China will increase by between 1.1 °C and 2.1 °C.

[499]Maddison, Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run , p. 97.

[500]‘Climate Key Issue for Wen at Asean Talks’, South China Morning Post , 19 November 2007.

[501]Warburton and Horn, ‘ China ’s Crisis (Part One)’.

[502]‘Economy is More Important, China Says’, International Herald Tribune , 5 June 2007; Porritt, ‘ China Could Lead the Fight for a Cooler Climate.’

[503]Hu Angang, ‘Green Development: The Inevitable Choice for China, Parts One and Two’, posted on www.chinadialogue.net (acessed 2/6/08).

[504]Dominic Ziegler, ‘Reaching for Renaissance: A Special Report on China and Its Region’, The Economist , 31 March 2007.

[505]John Warburton and Leo Horn, ‘China’s Crisis: A Development Perspective (Part Two), 25 October 2007, posted on www.chinadialogue.net; Keith Bradsher and David Barboza, ‘Pollution from Chinese Coal Casts a Global Shadow’, New York Times , 11 June 2006.

[506]Porritt, ‘ China Could Lead the Fight for a Cooler Climate’.

[507]‘ China Carmakers Go Green in Drive for Profit’, Financial Times , 20 April 2008.

[508]Each car had to spend one day a week off the road. These restrictions were reintroduced again after the Olympics in an effort to improve air quality.

[509]Chunli Lee, ‘Strategic Alliances of Chinese, Japanese and US firms in the Chinese Manufacturing Industry: The Impact of “China Prices” and Integrated Localization’, paper presented for the Fairbank Center for East Asia Research, Harvard University, October 2004.

[510]James Kynge, China Shakes the World: The Rise of a Hungry Nation (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2006), pp. 160-62.

[511]Gilboy, ‘The Myth behind China ’s Miracle’, pp. 4–5.

[512]Kynge, China Shakes the World , pp. 108-10, 112; Shenkar, The Chinese Century , pp. 66-8.

[513]Kynge, China Shakes the World , p. 109.

[514]Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists , pp. 147, 149; Kynge, China Shakes the World , pp. 83-4; Shenkar, The Chinese Century , p. 165.

[515]Kynge, China Shakes the World , pp. 72, 78–82.

[516]Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists , p. 143.

[517]James Wilsdon and James Keeley, China: The Next Science Superpower? (London: Demos, 2007), p. 9.

[518]Ibid., p. 7.

[519]Ibid., p. 16.

[520]Ping Zhou and Loet Leydesdorff, ‘The Emergence of China as a Leading Nation in Science’, Research Policy , 35 (2006), pp. 86–92, 100; Wilsdon and Keeley, China , pp. 16–17.

[521]Zhou and Leydesdorff, ‘The Emergence of China as a Leading Nation in Science’, p. 100.

[522]Wilsdon and Keeley, China , p. 32.

[523]Nicholas D. Kristof, ‘The Educated Giant’, International Herald Tribune , 29 May 2007.

[524]Wilsdon and Keeley, China , p. 29.

[525]Zhou and Leydesdorff, ‘The Emergence of China as a Leading Nation in Science’, p. 84.

[526]Wilsdon and Keeley, China , pp. 30–31; Geoff Dyer, ‘How China is Rising Through the Innovation Ranks’, Financial Times , 5 January 2007; Shenkar, The Chinese Century , p. 74; Gittings, The Changing Face of China , p. 263.