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Martin Jacques - When China Rules the World

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Название:
When China Rules the World
Автор:
Martin Jacques
Жанр:
Политика / на английском языке
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неизвестен
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For well over two hundred years we have lived in a western-made world, one where the very notion of being modern is inextricably bound up with being western. The twenty-first century will be different. The rise of China, India and the Asian tigers means that, for the first time, modernity will no longer be exclusively western. The west will be confronted with the fact that its systems, institutions and values are no longer the only ones on offer. The key idea of Martin Jacques's ground-breaking new book is that we are moving into an era of contested modernity. The central player in this new world will be China. Continental in size and mentality, China is a 'civilisation-state' whose characteristics, attitudes and values long predate its existence as a nation-state. Although clearly influenced by the west, its extraordinary size and history mean that it will remain highly distinct, and as it exercises its rapidly growing power it will change much more than the world's geo-politics. The nation-state as we understand it will no longer be globally dominant, and the Westphalian state-system will be transformed; ideas of race will be redrawn. This profound and far-sighted book explains for the first time the deeper meaning of the rise of China.
***
China Digital Times
Book Review: When China Rules the World
“When you’re alone and life is making you lonely, you can always go: downtown.” So warbled the British singer, Petula Clark in the 1960s. However, today if solitude is your constant companion, I would suggest that you purchase a copy of this riveting book and read it on the bus and in airports — as I have been doing in recent days, with the dramatic words on the bright red cover of this weighty tome blaring insistently — and no doubt you will find, as I have, that your reading reverie will be constantly interrupted by a stream of anxious interlopers curious to know what the future may hold.
For like Petula Clark, the author too hails from London, though the startling message he brings decidedly differs from her melancholy intervention. For it is the author’s conclusion that sooner rather than later, China — a nation ruled by a Communist Party — will have the most sizeable and powerful economy in the world and that this will have manifold economic, cultural, psychological (and racial) consequences. Strangely enough, Jacques — one of the better respected intellectuals in the North Atlantic community — does not dwell upon how this monumental turn of events occurred. To be sure, he pays obeisance to the leadership of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, who in 1978, opened China’s economy to massive inward foreign direct investment, which set the stage for the 21st Century emergence of the planet’s most populous nation. Yet, for whatever reason, Jacques — who once was a leading figure in the British Communist Party — does not deign to detail to the gentle reader how Beijing brokered an alliance with US imperialism, that helped to destabilize their mutual foe in Moscow, which prepared the path for the gargantuan capital infusion that has transformed China and bids fair to do the same for the world as a whole.
Still, it is noteworthy that this book’s back-cover carries blurbs from the conservative economic historian, Niall Ferguson of Harvard (Henry Kissinger’s authorized biographer); the leading historian, Eric Hobsbawm; the well-known Singaporean intellectual and leader, Kishore Mahbubani (who has written a book that mirrors Jacques’ earthshaking conclusions); and a raft of Chinese thinkers who do not seem displeased nor surprised by his findings.

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[226]Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization , p. 53.

[227]Bin Wong, China Transformed , p. 76.

[228]It can also be argued that if, like Europe, China had been composed of a group of competitive nation-states, this would have made governance rather less forbidding and might also, at times, have stimulated greater innovation; Lucian W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics: The Cultural Dimensions of Authority (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 64.

[229]Bin Wong, China Transformed , p. 92.

[230]Lovell, The Great Wall , pp. 148-50.

[231]Michio Morishima, Why Has Japan ‘Succeeded’: Western Technology and the Japanese Ethos (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 12; Lovell, The Great Wall , pp. 148-9.

[232]Angus Maddison, Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run, Second Edition, Revised and Updated: 960 - 2030 AD (Paris: OECD, 2007), pp. 24-6.

[233]Bin Wong, China Transformed , p. 96.

[234]Ibid., p. 97.

[235]Ibid., p. 96.

[236]Ibid., p. 97.

[237]Ibid., p. 99; quote is p. 97.

[238]Ruth Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture (London: Secker and Warburg, 1947), p. 49.

[239]Bin Wong, China Transformed , p. 100.

[240]Ibid., p. 90.

[241]Fairbank and Goldman, China , pp. 40, 48; Karel van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation (New York: Vintage, 1990), pp. 241-2.

[242]Peter Nolan, China at the Crossroads (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004), pp. 134- 40.

[243]Ibid., pp. 130-34; Bin Wong, China Transformed , pp. 90–91.

[244]The nature of the tributary system, and its relationships, is discussed fully in Chapter 10.

[245]Ibid., pp. 93-5.

[246]Cohen, Discovering History in China , p. 16.

[247]Ibid., p. 18.

[248]Fairbank and Goldman, China , pp. 206- 12.

[249]Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization , pp. 546-65;Spence, The Search for Modern China , pp. 171-80; Bin Wong, China Transformed , p. 155.

[250]Cohen, Discovering History in China , pp. 21, 29.

[251]Zheng Yangwen, ‘“Peaceful Rise of China ” After “Century of Unequal Treaties”? How History Might Matter in the Future’, pp. 2, 7, in Anthony Reid and Zheng Yangwen, eds, Negotiating Asymmetry: China’s Place in Asia (Singapore: NUS Press, 2009); Suisheng Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), p. 48. For good reason, in both Japan and China the treaties imposed by the foreign powers were known as the unequal treaties.

[252]Peter C. Perdue, China Marches West (Cambridge, Mass., Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 554.

[253]Bin Wong, China Transformed , pp. 89, 154; Lucian W. Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 234.

[254]Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization , pp. 577-84.

[255]Spence, The Search for Modern China , p. 220.

[256]Ibid., p. 222; Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization , p. 569.

[257]The missionaries attracted a great deal of hostility from the Chinese; Cohen, Discovering History in China , p. 45.

[258]The psychological and intellectual impact of the foreign presence on the Chinese population was profound; ibid., pp. 141-2.

[259]Fairbank and Goldman, China , pp. 227-9.

[260]Cohen, Discovering History in China , pp. 23–43; Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization , pp. 566-74; Spence, The Search for Modern China , pp. 223-9; Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction , p. 53.

[261]Cohen, Discovering History in China , pp. 29–30.

[262]Ibid., pp. 22-4, 29–30, 32, 56-7; C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World 1780 - 1914: Global Connections and Comparisons (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), p. 179; Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization , pp. 590-98; Tong Shijun, ‘Dialectics of Modernisation’, Chapter 5, unpublished PhD, University of Bergen, 1994.

[263]Zheng Yongnian, Will China Become Democratic?: Elite, Class and Regime Transition (Singapore: EAI, 2004), p. 85.

[264]Cohen, Discovering History in China , p. 32.

[265]Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization , pp. 626-33; Bin Wong, China Transformed , p. 164.

[266]Sun Shuyun, The Long March (London: HarperPress, 2006), for an account of this remarkable episode.

[267]Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking (London: Penguin, 1998), Chapter 2, and pp. 215-25.

[268]Bin Wong, China Transformed , pp. 164, 170-73.

[269]Cohen, Discovering History in China , p. 135.

[270]Ibid., p. 132.

[271]Meghnad Desai, ‘India and China: An Essay in Comparative Political Economy’, seminar paper, Asia Research Centre, London School of Economics, 2003, p. 5; revised version available to download from www.imf.org.

[272]Cohen, Discovering History in China , p. 132; Bin Wong, China Transformed , p. 200; Lovell, The Great Wall , pp. 219, 242.

[273]Bin Wong, China Transformed , p. 259.

[274]Cohen, Discovering History in China , p. 144.

[275]Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction , p. 107.

[276]Fairbank and Goldman, China , Chapters 16, 17; Spence, The Search for Modern China , Chapters 17, 18; Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization , Chapter 30.

[277]Zheng Yongnian, Will China Become Democratic? pp. 84-6.

[278]Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction , pp. 99, 108.

[279]Ibid., p. 117.

[280]Bin Wong, China Transformed , p. 193.

[281]Ibid., pp. 176, 262. Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction , p. 97.

[282]Wang Gungwu, ‘Rationalising China’s Place in Asia, 1800–2005: Beyond the Literati Consensus’, p. 5, in Reid and Zheng, Negotiating Asymmetry .

[283]Bin Wong, China Transformed , p. 194.

[284]Ibid., pp. 70, 194-7, 205.

[285]Wang Gungwu, ‘Rationalizing China’s Place in Asia ’, in Reid and Zheng, Negotiating Asymmetry , p. 5.

[286]Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction , p. 119.

[287]Elvin, ‘The Historian as Haruspex’, pp. 89, 104.

[288]Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization , p. 571.

[289]Ibid., pp. 603, 610-12.

[290]Ibid., pp. 578-9, 602-3.

[291]Ibid., pp. 612-13.

[292]Ibid., p. 613.

[293]Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective , pp. 558, 562; see also pp. 548, 552.

[294]Maddison, Chinese Economic Performance , p. 70.

[295]Ibid., p. 552. See also Desai, ‘ India and China ’, p. 11.

[296]Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective , p. 562.

[297]Ibid., pp. 552, 562.

[298]The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index combining measures of life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment and GDP per capita for countries worldwide. It is claimed as a standard means of measuring human development. It has been used by the United Nations Development Programme since around 1990.

[299]Desai, ‘ India and China ’, pp. 9-10.

[300]Bin Wong, China Transformed , p. 273.

[301]Paul Krugman, The Return of Depression Economics (London: Allen Lane, 1999), pp. 16–17, 23.

[302]Ezra F. Vogel, The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991), pp. 13, 42-3.