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Martin Jacques - When China Rules the World

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Название:
When China Rules the World
Автор:
Martin Jacques
Жанр:
Политика / на английском языке
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неизвестен
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For well over two hundred years we have lived in a western-made world, one where the very notion of being modern is inextricably bound up with being western. The twenty-first century will be different. The rise of China, India and the Asian tigers means that, for the first time, modernity will no longer be exclusively western. The west will be confronted with the fact that its systems, institutions and values are no longer the only ones on offer. The key idea of Martin Jacques's ground-breaking new book is that we are moving into an era of contested modernity. The central player in this new world will be China. Continental in size and mentality, China is a 'civilisation-state' whose characteristics, attitudes and values long predate its existence as a nation-state. Although clearly influenced by the west, its extraordinary size and history mean that it will remain highly distinct, and as it exercises its rapidly growing power it will change much more than the world's geo-politics. The nation-state as we understand it will no longer be globally dominant, and the Westphalian state-system will be transformed; ideas of race will be redrawn. This profound and far-sighted book explains for the first time the deeper meaning of the rise of China.
***
China Digital Times
Book Review: When China Rules the World
“When you’re alone and life is making you lonely, you can always go: downtown.” So warbled the British singer, Petula Clark in the 1960s. However, today if solitude is your constant companion, I would suggest that you purchase a copy of this riveting book and read it on the bus and in airports — as I have been doing in recent days, with the dramatic words on the bright red cover of this weighty tome blaring insistently — and no doubt you will find, as I have, that your reading reverie will be constantly interrupted by a stream of anxious interlopers curious to know what the future may hold.
For like Petula Clark, the author too hails from London, though the startling message he brings decidedly differs from her melancholy intervention. For it is the author’s conclusion that sooner rather than later, China — a nation ruled by a Communist Party — will have the most sizeable and powerful economy in the world and that this will have manifold economic, cultural, psychological (and racial) consequences. Strangely enough, Jacques — one of the better respected intellectuals in the North Atlantic community — does not dwell upon how this monumental turn of events occurred. To be sure, he pays obeisance to the leadership of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, who in 1978, opened China’s economy to massive inward foreign direct investment, which set the stage for the 21st Century emergence of the planet’s most populous nation. Yet, for whatever reason, Jacques — who once was a leading figure in the British Communist Party — does not deign to detail to the gentle reader how Beijing brokered an alliance with US imperialism, that helped to destabilize their mutual foe in Moscow, which prepared the path for the gargantuan capital infusion that has transformed China and bids fair to do the same for the world as a whole.
Still, it is noteworthy that this book’s back-cover carries blurbs from the conservative economic historian, Niall Ferguson of Harvard (Henry Kissinger’s authorized biographer); the leading historian, Eric Hobsbawm; the well-known Singaporean intellectual and leader, Kishore Mahbubani (who has written a book that mirrors Jacques’ earthshaking conclusions); and a raft of Chinese thinkers who do not seem displeased nor surprised by his findings.

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[166]Van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power , p. 29.

[167]Interview with Yoshiji Fujita, Research Director, Glaxo Japan, June 1999.

[168]Wilkinson, Japan Versus the West , pp. 4, 5, 45, 135.

[169]By 1980, Japan had more or less drawn level with the European Community and the United States in terms of GDP per head, and during the 1980s pulled well ahead by this measure; ibid., p. 5.

[170]Interview with Yoshiji Fujita, Research Director, Glaxo Japan, June 1999. As Takamitsu Sawa has written: ‘Drunk with joy for having realised a major goal, the Japanese were at a loss to define the next goal. Suffering from a sense of despair they wasted the next decade.’ ‘ Japan ’s Paradox of Wealth’, Japan Times , 30 May 2005.

[171]Interview with Peter Tasker, Tokyo, June 1999.

[172]Interview with Shunya Yoshimi, Tokyo, 1999.

[173]Interview with Valerie Koehn, Tokyo, June 1999; interview with Shunya Yoshimi, Tokyo, June 1999; Sawa, Japan Times , 30 May 2005.

[174]Yoshino, Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan , p. 11.

[175]Quoted in Alastair Bonnett, The Idea of the West: Culture, Politics and History (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 69.

[176]Morishima, Why Has Japan ‘Succeeded’ , p. 96.

[177]Van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power , p. 258.

[178]Morishima, Why Has Japan ‘Succeeded’ , p. 131.

[179]Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941 - 1945 (London: Allen Lane, 2004), p. 3.

[180]Van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power , p. 331; Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword , p. 96.

[181]Wilkinson, Japan Versus the West , p. 67.

[182]Interview with Masahiko Nishi, University of Ritsumeikan, Kyoto, November 2005.

[183]Racist adverts and books are not uncommon; for example, ‘Mandom Pulls the Plug on Racist TV Commercial’, Japan Times , 15 June 2005, and ‘“Sambo” Resurrectionists: What’s Racist?’, 16 June 2005 (concerning publication of Little Black Sambo ).

[184]Van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power , pp. 265, 267; Frank Dikötter, ed., The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan (London: Hurst, 1997), p. 6.

[185]Yoshino, Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan , pp. 22-9.

[186]Wilkinson, Japan Versus the West , p. 77.

[187]‘Forum Mulls Ways to Make Racial Discrimination Illegal Here’, Japan Times , 2 July 2005; ‘UN Investigator Tells Japan to Draft Law Against Racism’, Japan Times , 13 July 2005.

[188]Bill Emmott, ‘The Sun Also Rises’, survey, The Economist , 8 October 2005, p. 6.

[189]Macfarlane, Japan Through the Looking Glass , pp. 224-5.

[190]This account is based on: Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China , 2nd edn (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), pp. 121-3, 154-60; Julia Lovell, The Great Wall: China against the World 1000 BC-AD 2000 (London: Atlantic Books, 2006), pp. 1-10; John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New History (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006), pp. 196-7; Alain Peyrefitte, The Collision of Two Civilizations: The British Expedition to China in 1792 - 4 (London: Harvill, 1993), pp. 13, 76, 150-51, 291.

[191]Paul A. Cohen, Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), p. 79.

[192]Ibid., pp. 81, 151-2; Huang Ping, ‘“Beijing Consensus”, or “Chinese Experiences”, or What?’, unpublished paper, 2005, pp. 5–8; Zheng Yongnian, Will China Become Democratic?: Elite, Class and Regime Transition (Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2004), p. 85.

[193]Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization , 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 103-6; Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years (London: Vintage, 1998), pp. 323; also pp. 413-16.

[194]Fairbank and Goldman, China , p. 61.

[195]Ibid., pp. 80, 114, 116, 120.

[196]Mark Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past (London: Eyre Methuen, 1973), pp. 21-2.

[197]Fairbank and Goldman, China , p. 56.

[198]Mark Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past , p. 93.

[199]Ibid., pp. 51, 106; Nicholas Ostler, Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World (London: HarperCollins, 2005), p. 171; for successive historical examples of this phenomenon, see Lovell, The Great Wall .

[200]Ostler, Empires of the Word , pp. 113-73, especiallypp. 116-17, 168-9.

[201]Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization , pp. 14–15, 265-6; Fairbank and Goldman, China , pp. 168-9.

[202]Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization , pp. 319-20.

[203]Fairbank and Goldman, China , pp. 89, 167-9; Maddison, The WorldEcono- my: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: OECD, 2006), p. 42.

[204]Quoted in Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past , pp. 144–145. Also pp. 133-9.

[205]Ibid., pp. 176-7.

[206]Fairbank and Goldman, China: A New History , p. 88, also Chapter 4.

[207]Ibid., Chapter 4; Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization , Chapters 14, 15.

[208]Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past , pp. 198-9.

[209]Ibid., Chapter 15, especially pp. 331-41, 347-8; Fairbank and Goldman, China , pp. 88, 93-5, 101-2.

[210]Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization , pp. 347-8.

[211]Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past , pp. 203-4, 214-15, 222.

[212]Ibid., pp. 204-25; David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (London: Little, Brown, 1998), pp. 93-8; Lovell, The Great Wall , pp. 183-4.

[213]Quoted in Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past , p. 217.

[214]Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization , pp. 326-9; Fairbank and Goldman, China , p. 93.

[215]Edward L. Dreyer, Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405 - 1433 (New York: Pearson Longman, 2007), pp. 166-71.

[216]See Chapter 7.

[217]Fairbank and Goldman, China , pp. 168-9.

[218]Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics (Paris: OECD, 2003), p. 249.

[219]Quoted by Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), p. 279. See Giovanni Arrighi, Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the Twenty-First Century (London: Verso, 2007), pp. 25-6, 58-9, 69.

[220]R. Bin Wong, China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2000), p. 27. ‘Until about 1800,’ argues Andre Gunder Frank, ‘the world economy was by no stretch of the imagination European-centred nor in any significant way defined by or marked by any European-born “capitalism” — it was preponderantly Asian-based.’ Frank, ReOrient , pp. 276-7.

[221]Fairbank and Goldman, China , p. 180.

[222]Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past , pp. 298–316; also, pp. 286-98.

[223]James Kynge, China Shakes the World: The Rise of a Hungry Nation (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2006), pp. 131-2.

[224]Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past , pp. 314-15.

[225]Ibid., pp. 281-2; Bin Wong, China Transformed , pp. 34, 41-4, 49; Mark Elvin, ‘The Historian as Haruspex’, New Left Review , 52, July-August 2008, p. 96.