95. Reuters, 6 July 2011.
96. The National , 28 July 2008.
97. Reuters, 6 July 2011.
98. The National , 25 December 2010.
99. Financial Times , 27 June 2011.
100. Reuters, 6 July 2011.
101. Financial Times , 27 June 2011.
102. Reuters, 6 July 2011.
103. Ahmed Muhammad Al-Bunain.
104. The Peninsula , 16 January 2007.
105. The Peninsula , 18 January 2011.
106. The Peninsula , 14 April 2011.
107. As reported by the Qatar-based management consultancy firm Almaras.
108. Human Rights Watch, 13 June 2011.
109. BBC News, 18 July 2011.
110. Human Rights Watch, 13 June 2011.
111. The Al-Ajmi .
112. Personal correspondence, January 2012. The man being Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, the oldest member of the Al-Sabah family.
113. Human Rights Watch, 13 June 2011.
114. Ibid.
115. BBC News, 18 July 2011.
116. Human Rights Watch, 13 June 2011.
117. Jadaliyya , 26 March 2011. Article by Mona Kareem.
118. Human Rights Watch, 13 June 2011.
119. Khaleej Times , 7 November 2010.
120. BBC News, 18 July 2011.
121. Jadaliyya , 26 March 2011. Article by Mona Kareem.
122. BBC News, 18 July 2011.
123. Arabian Business , 13 July 2009.
124. Presentation by Noora Lori at the Middle East Studies Association annual conference, 4 December 2011. ‘The Political Management of Rentier Transformations, Naturalization Policy, and Liminal Populations in the UAE’.
125. Arabian Business , 13 July 2009.
126. The National , 26 September 2008.
127. The National , 7 September 2008.
128. The National , 26 September 2008.
129. Arabian Business , 13 July 2009.
130. Human Rights Watch, 16 December 2011.
131. Al-Jazeera English , 22 September 2010. Referring to Ayatollah Hussein Mirza Najati.
132. In 1981 the government arrested seventy-three people accused of plotting a coup on behalf of a pro-Iran organisation — the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain led by an Iraqi cleric, Hadi Modaressi. See Kinninmont, Jane. ‘Bahrain’ in Davidson, Christopher M. (ed.), Power and Politics in the Persian Gulf Monarchies (London: Hurst, 2011).
133. See Kinninmont (2011).
134. The Baharna.
135. The Ajam.
136. International Herald Tribune , 2 October 2006.
137. International Herald Tribune , 17 November 2006.
138. See Kinninmont (2011).
139. Many Bahrainis have observed an influx of new citizens from Pakistan, Yemen, and Baluchistan. See Kinninmont (2012), p. 18.
140. New York Times , 26 August 2010.
141. New York Times 27 March 2009.
142. Abduljalil Al-Singace.
143. Abdulghani Al-Kanjar.
144. Referring to Muhammed Al-Muqdad and Said Al-Nouri.
145. The National , 17 August 2010.
146. New York Times , 26 August 2010.
147. The Economist , 14 October 2010.
148. Lord Eric Avebury.
149. See Nolan, May 2011. The 1979 riots were in Qatif and Al-Hasa.
150. See Nolan, May 2011.
151. Al-Riyadh .
152. Associated Press , 18 December 2010.
153. Al-Jazeera English , 22 September 2010.
154. Jadaliyya , 26 March 2011.
155. Gulf News , 5 July 2011.
156. Agence France Presse, 1 October 2009.
157. Reporters without Borders January 2012. Citing the ‘World Press Freedom Index 2012’.
158. Doha Debates press release, 25 June 2011.
159. Muhannad Abu Zeitoun.
160. Bahrain Center for Human Rights press release, 27 August 2010.
161. Ali Abdulemam.
162. Foreign Policy , 21 October 2010.
163. Gulf News , 29 December 2010.
164. Nahyan bin Mubarak Al-Nahyan.
165. The author’s personal account.
166. The author’s personal account.
167. Gulf News , 21 October 2004.
168. Emirates 24/7 , 15 August 2010.
169. Human Rights Watch, 13 April 2009.
170. WAM , 28 April 2009.
171. Electronic Frontier Foundation , 13 August 2010; New York Times , 13 August 2010.
172. Slate Magazine , 27 August 2010.
173. UAE Telecommunications Regulatory Authority, 24 September 2006. The document was entitled ‘Internet Content Filtering Policy and Procedure’.
174. The Independent , 7 April 2009. The article was entitled ‘The Dark Side of Dubai’.
175. 7 Days , 10 April 2009.
176. The Sunday Times , 29 November 2009.
177. ITP Net , 14 July 2009.
178. Foreign Policy , 10 August 2010. ‘As the UAE was consumed along with the rest of the world by the World Cup fever in June, a leaked document surfaced and was distributed amongst Emiratis on BlackBerry Messenger. The document appeared to be an official request from the secretary general of the UAE’s parliament… requesting that the Dubai Traffic Department waive the traffic fines of the parliament speaker…’
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