Christopher Hibbert - Rome. The Biography of the City

Smollett, Tobias (1721–71), 200, 223

Social War (91–87 B.C.), 19

society, Roman ( see also plebeians and Rome): daily life in Imperial times, 53–8; in Middle Ages, 92–3; in eighteenth century, 209–12; organization of, 6; under Republic, 17–18; daily life of senatorial class, 55–6

Soria, Giovan Battista (1581–1651), 183, 340, 356

Spanish Steps, 222, 358

Sparre, Ebbe, 191

Spartacus (d. 71 B.C.), 20, 22

Spechi, Alessandro (1668–1729), 358, 363

Spence, Sir Basil (1907–76), 367

Spiculus, gladiator , 43

Stahel, General, 300

statues, see sculpture

Stendhal (pseud. of Marie-Henri Beyle, 1783–1842), 222, 243

Stephen II, Pope (r. 752–7), 79

Stephen IV, Pope (r. 896–7), 84

Stern, Raffaello, 355

Story, William Wetmore (1819–95), 258, 261, 363, 367

Street, George Edmund (1824–81), 368

street-vendors, 54–5, 92, 95

Subura, the, 58

Suetonius Tranquilus, Gaius ( c .69–122), 39, 43, 51

Sulla Felix, Lucius Cornelius (138–78 B.C.), 19–20, 22

Swiss Guard, 365; arrest proselytizer, 226; defence of Roman Republic, 255; Julius II founds, 140; Radet's force disarms, 240; Sacro Possesso of Leo X, 147; Sack of Rome, 157, 158

Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius ( c . 345–402), 70

Symonds, John Addington (1840–93), 367

Tabularium, 20, 221, 317

Tacitus, Cornelius ( c .56-c. 120), 39, 40, 64, 66–7

Tarpeia, 316

Tarpeian Rock, 316

Tarpeius, Spurius, 316

Tarquin the Proud, King of Rome (trad. r. 534–510 B.C.), 6–7, 8, 316

Tarquinius Collatinus, Lucius, 7, 8

Tarquinius Priscus, King of Rome (trad. r. 616–579 B.C.), 5–6, 13

teatri ( see also theatres): Teatro Argentina, 211; Capranica, 211, 212, 362; delle Dame, 211, 362; dell' Opera, 283, 369

Tebaldo, Cardinal, 123

Telemachus, Christian monk , 70

temples: Temple of Apollo, 36, 319; Caesar, 36, 318; Castor and Pollux, 36, 319; Claudius, 44, 321; Concord, 36, 319; Diana, 36, 320; Hope, 315; Janus, 5, 315; Juno Hospita, 315; Jupiter Capitolinus, 6–7, 13, 18, 72, 315; Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Minerva and Juno, see Jupiter Capitolinus; Juno Moneta, 320; Juno Regina, 36, 320; Jupiter Tonans, 36, 319; Mars the Avenger, 36, 318; Peace, 44, 321; Quirinus, 36, 320; Saturn, 29, 36, 319; Trajan, 323; Venus Genetrix, 30, 318; Venus and Rome, 58, 324; Vesta, 62, 70, 316

Tennyson, Alfred, 1st Baron (1809–92), 222

Terence (186/185–159? B.C.), 50

Termini railway station, 280, 368

Testa, Virgilio, 370

Thackeray, Wm. Makepeace (1811–63), 222

theatres ( see also teatri): Theatre of Balbus, 50, 322; of Marcellus, 36, 50, 93, 221, 320; of Pompey, 31, 50, 318

Theodore I, Pope (r. 642–9), 76

Theodoric the Great (Ostrogothic king, r. 493–526), 73–4, 318

Theodosius I, the Great, Emperor (347–95), 344

Theophylactus ( fl . A.D. 911), 83

Thermae Neroniae, 40, 321

Thorwaldsen, Bertel (1768/70–1844), 270, 355

Tibaldeschi, Francesco, 110–11

Tiber river: bridges, 70, 175; crossing, 3; Chigi's silver thrown into, 149; corpses thrown into, 18, 84, 136, 160; daily life on the banks of, 92–93; in flood, 81, 135, 227, 348; Gregory XI, 110, living thrown into, 158; pilgrims, 117, 118; refugees, 158; rubbish beside, 153; Saracen pirates, 83

Tiberius, Emperor (42 B.C.- A.D. 37), 36, 38; building works, 319

Titian (1488/90–1576), 167

Titus, Emperor (39–81), 51, 72

Tivoli, 59, 141, 324, 365

Togliatti, Palmiro (1893–1964), 308

Torlonia, Leopoldo, Duca, 277

Tor de' Conti, 92, 341

Tor di Nona, 347; granary, 197; prison, 135; site, 360; theatre, 195, 211

Torlonia, Prince, 277

Torre delle Milizie, 323

Torriani, Orazio ( fl . 1601–57), 340, 362

Torriti, Jacopo ( fl . 13th cent.), 96

Totila (Ostrogothic king, d. 552), 322

Trajan, Emperor (53–117), 52–3, 58, 67, 181

Trajan's Column, 52–3, 78, 94, 175, 323

Trastevere: during Mazzini's Republic, 263, 264; dwellings, 93, 156; Ostrogoths' fire, 74; riots in, 235; water supply, 181

Trelawny, Edward John (1792–1881), 367

Trent, Council of (1545–63), 167, 172

Trevi Fountain, 113, 343

Tullia, 6

Tullianum, 316

Tullus Hostilius, King of Rome (r. 673–642 B.C.), 5, 317

Udine, Giovanni da (1487–1564), 41, 161, 348, 350

Umberto, Crown Prince of Italy (from May-June 1946, Umberto II, 1904–83), 306

Umberto I, King of Italy (1844–1900), 277

University of Rome, see Sapienza

Urban II, Pope (r. 1088–99), 89

Urban IV, Pope (r. 1261–4), 128

Urban V, Pope (r. 1362–70), 108

Urban VI, Pope (r. 1378–89), 110, 111

Urban VIII (r. 1623–44): and Bernini, 185–6, 187, 189; fortifications, 259; and Galileo, 225; Innocent X and, 190; personality, 185; St Peter's baldacchino, 189; tomb, 187, 190, 357

Urbina, Gian d', 158

Urbino, Francesco Maria della Rovere, Duke of, 160, 327, 328

Valadier, Giuseppe (1762–1839), 242; piazze , 333, 350, 370; SS. Apostoli, 353; sculpture, 355; Tordinona Theatre, 360

Valerian, Emperor (r. 253–60), 62

Valeriani, Giuseppe, 354

Valvassori, Gabriele (1683–1761), 357, 362

Vansittart, 1st Baron (1881–1957), 289

Vanvitelli, Luigi (1700–1773), 343, 361

Vasanzio, Giovanni (Jan Van Senten, c . 1550–1621), 181; Borghese casino, 356; Borghese Palace, 356

Vasari, Giorgio (1511–74), 143, 168

Vassalletto, Pietro, 333

Vatican ( see also Belvedere and Sistine Palace), 341; Boniface XI, 111; Borgia Apartment, 138, 348; Blessed Sacrament Chapel, 118; Borgia Tower, 138; Borgo Nuovo, 137; building under Innocent 111, 92; Calixtus 111, 119, Cappella Paolina, 167, 169, 352; Chapel of St Nicholas, papal election, 119; Clement VII returns, 161; Cola di Rienzo at, 103–4; Cortile della Pigna, 175, 183, 355; Court of St Damasus, 175, 355; defensive works, 157; Fra Angelico's work in, 118; Giotto, 95; Julius II, 142, 143; latrines, 119; Lucrezia Borgia, 136; Nicholas V, 115; open galleries, 41; papal election of 1378, 110–111; Pius VI expelled, 232; Paul V, 181; private chapel, 118; Raphael Stanze, 143, 153, 161, 349; Sacro Possesso of Leo X, 147; Sala Regia, 167, 352; Scala Regia, 191, 360; Sixtus V, 175; Torre dei Venti, 193; Urban V, 108

Vatican Gardens: Casino di Pio IV, 171; fountains, 181; Gardens of Julius II, 142, 348; Giardino della Pigna, 229, 349

Vatican Library, 344; Benedict XIV, 228; Boswell in, 217; extended under Sixtus V, 175; in French occupation, 242; Nicholas V founds, 118; Paul III and, 167; Philip of Orange protects, 161; Sixtus IV adds to, 128

Vatican Museums, 229–30, 242, 364– 5

Velasquez, Diego Rodriguez da Silva y (1599–1660), 189

venatores , 47–9