Christopher Hibbert - Rome. The Biography of the City

Papal States: Jews expelled, 173; Julius II and, 139–40; Lombards restore, 79; Napoleon annexes, 238; in nineteenth century, 244–5; returned to Pope, 243; revenue, 122

Parione, 156

Parmigiano (prop. Girolamo Francesco Mario Mazzola, 1503–40), 161

Paschal I, Pope and Saint (r. 817–24), 81

Paschal II, Pope (r. 1099–1118), 89

Paul II, Pope (r. 1464–71), 125–6, 141

Paul III, Pope (r. 1534–49), 165–70 passim

Paul IV, Pope (r. 1555–9), 172, 173

Paul V, Pope (r. 1605–21), 179, 181, 185, 187

Paul, St (d. c .67), 64, 66, 71, 333

Pazzi, Francesco de' (d. 1478), 126, 127

Pecham, Robert (d. 1569), 356

Pelagius I, Pope (r. 556–61), 76

Penitenzieri, 155

Penni, Gian Francesco, 152

Pepin III, the Short, King (d. 768), 79

Peressuti, Gino, 370

Pertinax, Emperor (A. D. 126–93), 60

Perugino (prop. Pietro di Cristoforo Vannucci, c . 1450–1523), 128, 349

Peruzzi, Baldassare (1481–1536), 151, 156, 161, 320, 351

Peruzzi, Salustio (d. 1573), 353

Peter the Apostle, St (d. c .64), 64, 66, 67, 69, 72

Petrarch, Francesco (1304–74), 97, 99, 102, 105, 106

Philip the Arab, Roman Emperor (202–49), 62

Philip IV, the Fair, King of France (1268–1314), 96

Philip Neri, St (1515–92), 173, 190, 354, 361

Philippi, battle of (42 B.C.), 34

Piacentini, Marcello (1881–1960), 369, 370

Piacentini, Pia, 347, 350

piazze : Piazza Barberini, 191; Branca, 135; del Campidoglio, 169, 305, 352; Campitelli, 212; Capranica, 212; di Castello, 181; Colonna, 60, 173, 211, 231; dei Crociferi, 113; Farnese, 62, 108; di Montecitorio, 230; Navona, 152, 159, 190, 204–5, 211, 212, 350; Nicosia, 173; dell’ Oro, 151; Palombara, 231; di Ponte di Sant’ Angelo, 118; del Popolo, 151, 175, 200, 207, 215, 235, 350; delle Quatro Fontane, 213; del Quirinale, 230; S. Gio-vanni, 123; di S. Giovanni in Laterano, 181, 207; S. Marco, 165; di S. Maria Maggiore, 181; S. Maria sopra Minerva, 197; S. Pantaleo, 229; S. Pietro, 165, 178, 181, 191, 201, 235; S. Salvatore in Lauro, 229; Scossa Cavalli, 181; di Spagni, 191, 204, 222, 223, 358; Venezia, 207, 291

Piccinico, Giacomo (1420–65), 123

Piccola Farnesina, 352

Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius, later Pius II, ( q.v. ), 113

Piero della Francesca ( c . 1420–91), 349

Pietà orphanage, 158

Pietro da Cortona (1596–1669): church architecture, 335, 338, 354; frescoed ceilings, 358; and Guernico's Holy Child, 190; S. Ivo's altarpiece, 346; pilgrims, 73, 202; Gregory I and, 75; guidebooks, 75; in Holy Years, 95, 105, 111, 116–17; largesse, 95; profitable trade, 115; robbed, 130; at St Peter's 76, 137

Pincio, the, 213, 232, 275, 315

Pinturicchio, Bernardino (Bernardino di Betto Biago, c . 1454–1513), 128, 138, 342, 348, 349

Piranesi, Giambattista (1720–78), 222

Pisa, Council of (1409), 112

Pius II, Pope (Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, r. 1458–64): anti-papal revolt, 123; background, 120; building under, 122; crusade, 122, 124; daily routine, 123; death of, 124; finance, 122; on Nicholas V, 113; on papal election of 1458, 119; personality, 120, 122; St Peter's, 141

Pius V, Pope and Saint (r. 1566–72), 172–3

Pius VI, Pope (r. 1775–99), 229–30, 232, 234

Pius VII, Pope (r. 1800–1823), 237, 238, 240, 242

Pius IX, Pope (r. 1846–78), 246–7, 249, 269, 271, 273

Platina, Bartolomeo de’ Sacchi (1421–81), 128

Plautus, Titus Maccius ( c .254–184 B.C.), 50

plebeians: revolt of 494 B.C., 9; struggle for political power, 13

Pliny the Younger (61/62- c . 113), 49, 59, 143

Plutarch (b. before A. D. 50, d. after 120), 20, 22, 31, 32

Poletti, Colonel, 305

Poletti, Luigi, 363

Policlinico hospital, 303, 368

Pollaiuolo, Antonio (1429–98), 364

Pompey the Great ( 106–48 B. C.), 22, 26, 29, 318

Pons Cestius, 94

Ponte Molle, 152, 200, 234, 266

Ponte Sant' Angelo, 115, 117–8, 149, 196, 360

Ponte Sisto, 128, 158, 346

Pontelli, Baccio ( c . 1450- after 1492), 339, 346, 348, 353

Pontifex Maximus, 11, 26; house of, 319

Pontine Marshes, 230, 242, 290

Ponzio, Flaminio (c. 1575–1620), 330, 355, 356

population: in Trajan's time, 53; reduced by sixth-century sieges, 74; thirteenth century, 92; sixteenth century, 115; eighteenth century, 202; nineteenth century, 243, 282; twentieth century, 300, 305, 307

Porcari, Stefano (d. 1453), 123

Porta, Giacomo della ( c . 1537–1602): capomaestro, 175; churches, 178, 315, 336 bis, 354, 355, 361; fountains, 342, 354; palazzi, 169, 342, 352, 361; Sapienza, 346

porte , 327– 9; Porta Angelica, 258; Cavalleggeri, 258; Maggiore, 68; Pertusa, 157, Pia, 169, 213; del Popolo, 134, 200, 235, 237; Portese, 271; S. Giovanni, 88, 93, 235, 258; S. Pancrazio, 76, 250; San Paolo, 110; S. Sebastiano, 165; S. Spirito, 156, 157; Settimiana, 156; del Torrione, 157; Trastevere, 263

Portico d'Ottavio, 62, 325

Poussin, Nicolas ( 1594–1665), Innocent X and, 190

Pozzo, Andrea (1642–1709), 354

Praetorian Guard, 36, 39, 52, 60, 61

Praz, Mario, 303

Prignano, Bartolomeo di, later Pope Urban VI ( q.v. ), 110

Prima Porta, 36

Propaganda Fide, 193

Protestant Cemetery, 276, 367

Ptolemy XIII, King (63–47 B.C.), 29

Ptolemy XIV, King ( c .59–44 B.C.), 29

Pyramid of Cestius, 367

Quirinal Palace, 355; Gregory XIII begins, 173; informality at, 209; Paul V enlarges, 181; Pius VIII, 240, 242; Sixtus V, 175

Quirinal, the, 212; height, 315; Jesuit novices, 191; obelisks, 213; Servius Tullius, 6; temple of Quirinus, 36

Rabelais, Françis (1483–1553), 165

Rabirius, Caius ( fl . 1st cent. A.D.), 52

Radet, Etienne, Baron (1762–1825), 238, 240

Raggi, Antonio (1642–86), 359

Raguzzini, Filippo ( c .1680–1771), 362

Rahere (d. 1144), 361

Raimondi, Marcantonio ( c . 1480-C. 1534), 161

Rainaldi, Carlo (1611–91): Borghese Palace, 356; churches, 190, 330, 337, 358, 359, 361, 368; high altars, 359

Rainaldi, Girolamo (1570–1655): palazzi, 342, 352, 358; S. Agnese in Agone, 190, 337

Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio, 1483–1520): Clement VII and, 152; Fornarina , 351, 358; Galatea, 351; Isaiah, 343; Napoleon plunders, 232; personality, 143; place of burial, 198; tapestries, 151, 161; Udine and, 161; Vatican stanze , 41, 151, 349; Villa Madama, 350

Reformation: Leo X and, 152; Charles V and, 153

Reina Coeli: prison, 302, 306, 370

Regola rione, 156

Remus, 3–4

Renaissance: Filarete's bronze doors, 115; marble, 199; Paul IV and art of, 172; Rome and, 153

Republic, Roman: Brutus and foundation of, 8; in decline, 16; Greek cultural influence, 16; plebeians’ political power, 13; political offices, 9, 11; religious offices, 11–13; structure of society, 17–18; wars, 14–15, 19; wealth, 16–17

revolts: against Otto I, 83, 84; citizens against nobility, 90, 101–2, 106; gladiators, 20; plebeians against patricians, 9; three anti-papal, 123

Riario, Girolamo, 126, 127, 128, 130

Riario, Pietro (1445–74), 126

Riario, Raffaele (1451–1521), 126, 127, 128, 133, 152

Rienzo, Cola di (1313–54), 99, 101 -7 passim

Rioni , 339–40

Ripa rione , 156

Ripetta, the, 136, 347

Rivani, Antonio, ‘Cicciolino’ (d. 1686), 195–6