Christopher Hibbert - Rome. The Biography of the City

Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia ( c . 1015–85), 88

Roman Academy, 125, 151

Romano, Antoniazzo, 361

Rome ( see also Roman Society): French occupations, 232–5, 237–42; invasions, 13–14, 71–2, 84, 112; sacks, 88, 112, 154, 157–60; sieges, 74, 79, 88

Rome-Berlin Axis, 291–2

Romulus, 3–5, 36

Romulus Augustulus, Emperor (r. 475–6), 73

Rosa, Salvator (1615–73,) 222

Roselli, Pietro, architect , 351

Roselli, Pietro, soldier , 266

Rossellino, Bernardo (1409–64), 141

Rossi, Domenico de', 368

Rossi, Giovanni Antonio de' (1616–95), 366, 369

Rossi, G. B. De, see De Rossi

Rossi, Mattia de’ (1637–95), 363, 368

Rossi, Pellegrino (1787–1848), 249, 333

Rossini, Gioacchino (1792–1868), 222

Rostra, 29, 36, 317

Rovere, Giovanni della, 126, 128

Rovere, Girolamo Basso della, 143

Rovere, Terenzio Mamiani della, 249

Rovigo, duc de (1774–1833), 242

Rucellai, Giovanni, 117

Rubicon, 26

Russell, Odo Wm., later 1st Baron Ampthill (1829–84), 273

Rusticus, nephew of Gregory VII , 88

Rusuti, Filippo, 96

Sabines, 4–5, 44

Sacre Via, see Via Sacra

Sacra Possesso , 147–9, 204

Saepta Julia, 58, 324

Saffi, Aurelio ( c . 1820–90), 252

St Andrew's Monastery, 75

Sant' Angelo rione, 156

St John Lateran, Basilica of, 330; Apostles' heads, 108; cathedra , 68; ceilings restored under Pius VI, 229; Cola di Rienzo, 101, 102; Constantine, 103; destroyed by fire, 97; mosaics, 96; pilgrims, 116; reconstructed, 95; remains of Caracallan baths, 62; Scala Regia, 191; Sistine Loggia, 175

S. Maria Maggiore, 334– 5; appointment of Rector, 106; Benedict XIV, 228; Borghese Chapel, 181, Boswell in, 217; Cappella Paolina, 179; Cappella Sistina, 175, 355; Gregory VII kidnapped, 87; manger of baby Jesus, 76; mosaics, 73, 96; pilgrims, 116; remodelled, 95; and Trinità dei Monti, 175

St Peter's Basilica: baldacchino, 187–8, 357; Benedict XIV, 228; Bernini, 187; Bisceglie murdered, 137; Boswell at, 218; de Brosses on, 201; buildings around, 92; Campanone, 229; canonization of St Bernardine, 116; Cappella Clementina, 178, 355; Cappella Giulia, 172; Cappella Gregoriana, 175, 178, 355; Cathedra of St Peter, 191, 360; Cavallini, 96; Charlemagne, 79–80; Clement VIII, 178; Colonnade, 360; Constantine builds, 68, 330; coronations, 80, 83, 88; crypt, 76, 198; demolition of old parts, 186–7; dome, 175, 178; Eugenius barred from, 90; façade, 357; Filarete's bronze doors, 115, 344; Giotto, 95; Henry IV takes possession, 88; Julius II's reconstruction of, 139, 141–2; Leo X continues reconstruction, 151; Maderno, 187; mandatum , 218; mint near, 115; Michelangelo, 169–70; Michelangelo's Pietà, 169; new basilica built under Nicholas V, 115; Nicholas V, 115, 141; Paul VI, 229; paved, 81; Petrarch in, 99; pilgrims, 116, 137; Pius II, 122, 124; plundered, 83; Queen Christina buried in, 198–9; remodelled, 95; Sack of Rome, 158, 160, 161; sacristy, 229, 364; St Andrew's chapel, 175; shrine of St Peter, 69; tomb of Paul III, 357; tomb of Urban VIII, 357; tribune for Papal Benediction, 122; Visigoths respect, 71; wolves and dogs, 111

S. Silvestro in Capite: convent, 279, 367– 8

S. Trinità dei Pelligrini, hospice of, pilgrims, 202, 361

Salii (Leaping Priests), 5

Sallust (86–35/34 B.C.), 334

Sallust Palace, 71, 334

Salvi, Nicola (1699–1751), 343, 361, 369

Salvi, Simone ( fl . early 18th cent.), 366

Salviati, Francesco (d. 1478), 126, 127

Sanctis, Francesco de (1693–1731), 358

Sangallo the Younger, Antonio da (1483–1546): Cappella Paolina, 352; churches, 341, 349; Michelangelo and, 169–70; Palazzo Farnese, 169, 351; Paul III employs, 167; Porta S. Spirito, 329; processional route for Charles V, 165; Sala Regia, 352; Villa Madama, 350

Sangallo, Giuliana da ( 1445?-1516), 141, 143, 144, 350, 351

San Gimignano, Vicenzio di, 161

Sansovino, Andrea ( c . 1460–1529), 143, 151, 338, 343

Sansovino, Jacopo ( 1486–1570): churches, 342, 349; leaves Rome, 161; Madonna and Child, 344; palazzi, 348, 351

Santoni, G. B., 337

Sapienza, the: Leo X and, 151; Paul III restores, 167; Queen Christina, 193; Sack of Rome, 160; Sixtus IV reforms, 128, 346

Sarti, Antonio (1797–1880), 369

Savonarola, Girolamo (1452–98), 136, 137

Scala Regia, 191

Scarampo, Lodovico, Cardinal, 123

Scarlatti, Alessandro ( 1659–1725), 196

Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788–1860), 222

Scipio, Publius Cornelius (d. 211 B.C.), 15

Scots College, 363

sculpture, statues: Apollo del Belvedere, 143, 232, 349; Bernini's ‘Longinus’,357; Bishop Santoni, 337; Caesar, 30; Canova's monument to Stuarts, 366; Canova's Pauline Bonaparte, 366; Castor and Pollux, 353; Claudia, 316; Cleopatra, 30; Cola di Rienzo, 342; Constantine, 94; Giordano Bruno, 364; horse-tamers, 230, 366; Julius II, 144; Laocoön, the, 40, 143, 217, 231; Ludovica Albertoni, 360; Madonna, 107; Madonna and Child (Antoniazzo Romano), 361; Marcus Aurelius, 60, 84, 85, 94, 149, 169; Menelaus, 141; Michelangelo's Moses, 146, 167, 217, 334, 349; Michelangelo's, Pieta 169, 353; Nero, 41, 45; Pasquino, 141, 189, 348; Paul IV, 172; Paul IX, 335; Pius VII, 355; Pompey, 172, 353; Ponte Sant' Angelo angels, 196, 360; S. Filippo Neri, 190; St Francis, 360; St Peter, 235, 366; Trajan, 53; Victory, 70

Sebastian, St (d. c .288), 64, 69

Sebastiani, Antonio, 321

Sejanus, Lucius Aelius (d. A.D. 31), 38–9

Senate, the: authority of, 9; influence of rich families in, 69; and papacy, 90, 91; restoration of, 90; in Rome, 63; Trajan's Column, 94

Senate House, 20, 76

Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (d. A.D. 65), 49

Septizonium, 88, 165, 175, 340

Sermoneta, Duchess of, 300

Sermoneta, Michelangelo Caetani, Duke of, 278

Servian Wall, 316

Servius Tullius, King of Rome, (trad. r. 578–535 B.C.), 6, 8, 316

Settini, Francesco, 359

Seven Hills of Rome, 315

Severn, Joseph (1793–1879), 276, 363, 367

Severus, Emperor (Lucius Septimius Severus, 145 or 146–211); 60, 62, 316, 319

Severus ( Nero's architect, fl . 1st cent. A.D.), 41

Severus Alexander, Emperor (208–35), 62, 173

Sextus Tarquinius, 7, 8

Sforza, Ascanio Maria (1455–1505), 143

Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822), 276, 367

Shor, Cristoforo, 361

Sigismund, Emperor (1368–1437), 112

Signorelli, Luca, or Luca da Cortona ( c . 1445/50–1523), 128, 349

Simplicius, Pope and Saint (1468–83), 73

Sistine Chapel, 346; bequest of Sixtus IV, 128; Bourbon's body, 161; choristers, 151; Michelangelo's work in, 144, 146, 167, 168; Raphael tapestries, 151, 161

Sixtus III, Pope and Saint (r. 432–40), 73, 178, 329

Sixtus IV, Pope (r. 1471–84): appearance, 126; building works, 128; death of, 130; Medici, 126–7; nepotism, 126, 128, 130; prayer for, 346

Sixtus V, Pope (r. 1585–90): ancient buildings, 175; building programme, 173, 175; dome of St Peter's, 175, 178; Inquisitor General, 173; Maderno, 187; obelisk, 175–6, 178

slaves: attend gladiators, 46; domestic duties, 56, 57; revolt, 20, 22; seating in Colosseum, 45; transport, 55; treatment of, 17; vanquished brought to Rome as, 15