Christopher Hibbert - Rome. The Biography of the City

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis; 1689–1755), 204, 211–12

Montezemolo, Giuseppe, 301

monuments: Christian, 68–9, 70–1, 73; conversion for Christian uses, 76; disintegration, 78; Carolingian renaissance, 81; deplorable condition by 1300, 105; domestic, 53–4; Bramante examines, 138; nineteenth century, 280-3; protected under Eugenius IV, 115; Pius II protects, 122; Renaissance, 155–6; demolition for entry of Charles V, 165; Queen Christina, 199; Stuarts’, 270, twentieth century, 307; Victor Emmanuel II, 280, 368

Moore, Dr John (1729–1802), 216

Moravia Alberto (b. 1907), 301

Morelli, Cosimo (1732–1812), 364

Morison, Colin, 217

Moro, Aldo (1916–78), 308

Murat, Joachim, King of Naples (1767–1815), 242, 243

Museo Barracco, 352

Museo Capitolino, see Palazzo Nuovo

Museo Chiaramonti, 355

Museo delle Terme, 36, 320

Museum of Rome, see Palazzo Braschi

Museums of the Vatican, see Vatican

Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945), 286, 303; arrest, 297–8; Dictator, 288–90; fall of Fascism, 299; at Grand Council meeting, 295; and Hitler, 293; March on Rome, 287; plans for development of Rome, 290; Prime Minister, 287; in Second World War, 195

Musuros, Markos ( c . 1470–1517), 151

Mylne, Robert (1734–1811), 222

Namatianus, Rutilius Claudius ( fl . 412–17), 70

Nanni di Baccio Bigio ( fl . 16th cent.), 171

Naples, Ladislas, King of (1377–1414), 112

Napoleon I, Emperor: annexes Papal States, 238; coronation, 237; depredations on Rome, 231–2; occupation of Rome, 237; and the Pope, 231; Napoleonic Civil Code, 242

Narses ( c .480–574), 74

Nazarenes, 270, 367

Nero, Emperor (37–68), 38, 39–41, 43–4; Christian persecution, 66–7; fire of 64 A.D., 40–41, 66; building works, 329

Nerva, Emperor ( c . 30–98), 52

Nicholas IV, Pope (Girolamo Masci, r. 1288–92), 95

Nicholas V, Pope (r. 1447–55), 112; appearance and personality, 113; building under, 115, 118; canonization of St Bernardine, 116; encourages the arts, 118; Universal Jubilee, 116; Vatican Library, 118, 344

Nobilior, Marcus Fulvius ( fl . 195–179 B.C.), 318

noble families ( see also Colonna and Orsini): Annibaldi, 90, 94, 97, 101–2; Barberini, 277; Boncompagni, 277, 278; Borghese, 277; Caetani, 90, 104, 113, 277, 278; Conti, 97, 102; Corsi, 88, 90; Crescenzi, 85–6, 89; Doria, 278; Farnese, 277; Frangipani, 90, 93, 97, 104; Normanni, 90; Laterani, 68, 329; Massimo, 277; Papareschi, 90; Pierleoni, 88, 90; Ruspoli, 278; Savelli, 90, 97, 101–2, 123; Tebaldi, 90; Torlonia, 277; Tuscolani, 86, 90

nobles: citizens' revolts against, 90, 101, 102, 106; Cola and, 99, 101, 103, 104; and new republic, 101–2; petty tyrants, 105–6

Numa Pompilius, King of Rome (trad., 71 5–673 B.C.), 5

Nugent, Sir Thomas ( c . 1700–1772), 224

obelisks: Paul VI erects, 230; Piazza della Minerva, 361; Piazza del Popolo, 355; Piazzo S. Giovanni in Laterano, 356; Piazza del Quirinale, 213, 365; Piazza di S. Maria Maggiore, 203, Piazza di Montecitorio, 365; Rameses II, 175–8, 342, 355; SS. Trinità dei Monti, 365; Villa Mattei, 94, 342

Odoacer, King of Italy (r. 476–93), 73

O'Flaherty, Hugh, 301

omens: attitude of ancient Romans to, 11–12; Romans respect, 209; Romulus and Remus, 3; Tarquin the Proud, 7

Orange, Philip, Prince of (1502–30), 157, 161

Orsini, Berthold, 106, 107

Orsini, Clarice, 147

Orsini, Giovanni Gaetano (Pope Nicholas III from 1227), 95

Orsini family: Calixtus III, 118; Cola di Rienzo and, 103, 104; and Colonna, 97; obliged to do homage, 101–2; power of, 90; revolt of 1351, 106; and Riario, 128; Sacro Possesso , 147

Orti, Farnesiani, 38, 321

Osborne, Sir D'Arcy, later 12th Duke of Leeds (1884–1964), 302

Ospizio di San Michele, 362

Otho, Emperor (32–69), 44

Otto I, the Great, Emperor (912–73), 83, 84, 85

Otto II, Emperor (955–83), 85

Otto III, Emperor (980–1002), 87

Oudinot, Nicolas-Charles (1767–1847), 260, 262, 269, 350

Ovid (43 B.C. – A.D. 17), 34, 49, 56

Pacca, Bartolomeo ( 1756–1844), 238

Palastrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da (1525–94), 172

Palatine hill: Belvedere Terrace, 62; Boswell climbs, 217; building programme under Augustus, 36; buildings, 36, 38, 41, 42, 88, 154–5; in eighteenth century, 221; fire on, 40–1; height, 315; House of Romulus, 8; location, 3; restoration work on, 74; Romulus and Remus, 3, 4; ruins, 78

Palatium Sessorianum, 68

Palazetto Venezia, 345

Palazetto Zuccari, 222, 363

Palazzo della Cancelleria, 71, 345; Bernini restores, 197; Giulio de' Medici, 152; Rossi at, 249; Sixtus IV and, 128; Winckelmann, 221

Palazzo Farnese, 351; Alexander Farnese and, 167; Carracci, 179; della Porta, 169; Queen Christina, 193; Salon d’ Hercule, 62

Palazzo Venezia, 345; demonstrators burst into, 299; Fascist Grand Council, 295; fifteenth-century windows, 125; Mussolini in, 288, 290, 291; Sala del Mappamondo, 289, 290; Sala del Pappa gello, 295

palazzi: Palazzo Albani, 221; Aldobrandini-Chigi, 361; Altempts, 347; Aste-Buonaparte, 366; Barberini, 190, 357; Borghese, 181, 204, 217, 356; Braschi, 229, 279, 300, 364; Caetani, 367; della Cancelleria ( see under separate entry ); Capranica, 351; Castelli, 155; Cenci-Maccarani-di Brazzà, 156, 351; Chigi, 288, 369; Chigi-Odescalchi, 197, 361; Cicciaporci, 156, 351; Colonna, 252; dei Conservatori, 169, 341, 352; Corsini, 232, 347; Doria, 189, 237, 238, 357; del Drago, 221, 363; Falconieri, 242, 366; Farnese ( see under separate entry ); Fiano, 359; dei Flavi, 322; Giraud-Torlonia, 136, 156, 181, 347; di Giustizia, 280, 368: Lante ai Caprettari, 156, 351; Lateran ( see under separate entry ); Madama, 280, 368; Massimo alle Colonne, 156, 351; Mattei di Giove, 342; di Montecitorio, 197, 240, 279, 361; Muti-Papazzurri, 219, 363; Niccolini-Amici, 348; Nuovo, 128, 169, 352; Orsini, 300, 320; Pallavicini-Rospigliosi, 181, 356; Pamphilj, 190–91, 358; dei Penitenzieri, 350– 1; Quirinal ( see under separate entry ); Riario, 130, 195, 347; Righetti, 318; Ruspoli, 266; dei SS. Apostoli, 159, 351; S. Marco, 125, 126, 134–5; Sallust ( see under separate entry ); del Senatore, 94, 169, 342, 352; Sforza-Cesarini, 133, 347; Soderini, 155; Spada, 172, 353; Torlonia, 195; del Viminale, 288, 369; Wedekind, 300, 370

Pamphilj, Camillo, 191

Pamphilj, Filippo Doria, Prince, 305

Pannini, Gianpaolo (1692–1765), 343

Pantheon, 324; Constans II plunders, 78; converted for Christian use, 76; Emperor Hadrian and, 59; Eugenius IV clears, 115; gold revetment stripped, 189; Queen Christina, 198

papacy: Charles of Anjou and, 95; Charles V and, 153; in danger at Avignon, 108; demand for abdication of temporal power, 90; disturbances and corruption, 84–6, 89; election of 1378, 110–11; and Emperor, 83, 91, 94; Eugenius II and, 90; financial responsibility, 122; influence and authority, 92; influence of Gregory I on, 75, 78; Julius II and temporal power of, 140–41; Lateran Pact, 290; Napoleon and, 231, 237; politics, 72, 126, 227; Republic and, 90–91; and return to Rome, 99, 108; Rome and, 94–5; rich Roman families and, 83; Second Vatican Council, 306; in Second World War, 302; Syllabus of Errors (1864), 273; Vatican Council (1869), 273; wealth, 141