Barbara Clements - A History of Women in Russia

Wagner, William, 90–91

waitresses, 138

Wales, nationalists of and cult of domesticity, 85

Walter, Anton, 236

Warsaw, 109, 152, 242; women in (1855–1914), 134, 145, 146, 165

“Week Like Any Other Week, A,” Baranskaia, 269–70

Weierstrass, Karl, 165

Western Europe, xiv, 289, 300; double-shift in, 267; early-modern developments in: 57–58; education of females in, 119; foreign policy of Russia toward, 65; gender values of, 36, 64, 65, 68, 80, 82–83, 155, 255–56, 259–60, 317; historiography in, xxiv; influence in Russia, xvii, 12, 17, 85–89, 290, 318; law in, 13; noblewomen in, 7, 17, 20, 57; peasants in, 131; slavery in, 29–30; social benefits in, 259; urban women in: 94, 107, 267; witchcraft persecutions in, 41–42, 44–45; women’s movement in, 260, 282, 284, 291; women in paid-labor force in, 261, 262;

What Is To Be Done?, Chernyshevskii, 115, 123

white-collar workers, men as, 275

white-collar workers, women as: 1855–1914, 146–49, 170; 1914–30, 195; 1930–53, 252; 1953–91, 261–62, 263, 271

Whites, 187, 191

widows: authority of, 2, 23; as nuns, 10, 41; as Old Believers, 53; among the poor, 30, 44–45, 102, 107–108, 128, 145; powers of, 6–7, 13, 20, 38, 39, 80. See also authority of women; inheritance law; wives, powers and duties of

wife-beating, 127, 197, 200

Wilmot, Martha, 78

Wilson, Woodrow, 187

Winter Palace Square, 169

witchcraft, xxiv, 41–45, 57

Within the Whirlwind, Ginzburg, 236

wives, powers and duties of: 900–1462, 5–6, 9–10, 18, 20; 1462–1695, 26, 29, 31–34, 35–40, 47–48; 1695–1855, 75, 80, 88–89, 90–91, 94–95, 101–102; 1855–1914, 146, 153, 155, 175; 1914–30, 191; 1930–53, 212, 222–23; 1953–91, 263–64, 274; after 1991, 293, 294. See also authority of women; cult of domesticity; divorce; inheritance law; marriage law; widows

Woman in the Development of Socialist Society, Novikova, 260

woman question. See emancipation of women

Women and Gender in Central and Eastern Europe, Livzeanu, xxiii Women of the Naval Fleet, 296

Women of Russia Party, 296, 297

women workers. See industrial labor force, women in

Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 172

women’s communities, 160–61. See also convents

Women’s Day March, 158, 182. See also Revolution of 1917

women’s emancipation. See emancipation of women

women’s military movement, 184–85

Women’s Party of Lithuania, 297

Women’s Sniper Training School, 240

women’s spirituality, 1, 106–107. See also Christianity

working-class women: 1855–1914, 134–142; during World War I, 180, 190; in 1917, 183; during civil war, 192, 193; in NEP, 199, 203–204, 208; in 1930s, 212–13, 245–46, 261, 271

World Bank, 294–95

World War I, 114, 192, 193; effects on women of, 182, 195, 245; women during, 180–182

World War II, xv, 236–49, 270, 271; aftermath of, for women, 195, 249–51; chronology of, 236–37; consequences of German occupation during, 247; economic conditions during, 246; effects on family life of, 247–49; and women in the countryside, 246–47; and women in the military, 238–44; and women in the urban labor force, 245–46

Worobec, Christine, xi, 43, 128

writers, women as: 1605–1855, 95–97, 123; 1855–1914, 149, 163; 1930–55, 213; 1955–91, 264, 276–77, 282, 284; after 1991, 301–302

Württenberg, 86

Yakuts, 46, 47, 155, 273; women of, 228, 274, 283

Yanukovich, Victor, 8, 19

Yashka, My Life as Peasant, Officer, and Exile, Bochkareva, 186, 187

Yeltsin, Boris: as leader before 1992, 279, 281; as president, 286, 301, 306, 308

Yushchenko, Victor, 300

Yushko, Liudmila, 311–12

Zaitseva, Julia, 208

Zakharova, Natalia, 283

Zambian United Independence Party, 196

Zaslavskaia, Tatiana, 279–80, 297

Zasulich, Vera, 124, 126

Zavisna, 45

Zemliachka, Rozalia, 230

zemstva, 15, 130, 132, 169, 180; establishment of, 113; and feminists, 123, 171

Zetkin, Klara, 175

zhensovety, 255, 279, 282, 303

Zhukovskii, Vasili, 87, 96

Zhytomyr, 299

Ziolkowski, Margaret, 53–54

Zionist, 153

Zurich University, 119

Zygmunt, King of Poland, 27

BARBARA EVANS CLEMENTSwas born and raised in Richmond, Virginia. She received her B.A. from the University of Richmond and her M.A. and Ph.D. from Duke University. From 1971 to 2000, she was a member of the History Department of the University of Akron, where she taught Russian and European history and did research on the history of women in Russia. Some of her publications are listed in this book’s bibliography. After retirement in 2000, she and her husband Jerry Newman moved to Ellensburg, Washington. In 2004, she decided to change her last name to Newman, but to continue using Clements as her professional name.

This book is a publication of

Indiana University Press

601 North Morton Street

Bloomington, Indiana 47404-3797 USA

iupress.indiana.edu

Telephone orders 800-842-6796

Fax orders 812-855-7931

© 2012 by Barbara Evans Clements

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition.

θ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.

MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Clements, Barbara Evans, 1945-

A history of women in Russia : from earliest times to the present / Barbara Evans Clements.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-253-00097-2 (alkaline paper) — ISBN 978-0-253-00101-6 (pbk. : alkaline paper) — ISBN 9780253001047 (e-book)

1. Women—Russia—History. 2. Women— Soviet Union—History. 3. Women—Russia (Federation)—History. I. Title.

HQ1662.C575 2012

305.40947—dc23 2011045345

1 2 3 4 5 17 16 15 14 13 12