Barbara Clements - A History of Women in Russia

protective labor regulations: before 1917: 167–68, 171, 175, 178; in Soviet period, 254

Protestants, 151, 234

Protopopov, Oleg, 264

Provisional Government, 182, 183, 188; reforms for women by, 184, 191

Prunskiene, Kazimiera, 278, 280, 296–97, 298, 300–301

Pskov, 49

public opinion polls, 280; after 1991, 308, 309–11, 312

public services. See social services

public transit, 139, 141, 268

Pukhova, Zoia, 282

purges of the Communist Party. See Terror, the

Pushkareva, Natalia, xiii Putin, Vladimir: criticism of, by women, 302, 306; as icon of masculinity, 293–94; as political leader, 286, 301, 308, 310

Quakers, 56

Qur’an, 274

Rabotnitsa, 189, 197, 203, 254, 275

Ransel, David, 130, 216–17

rape: in Kievan law, 14; 1462–1695, 35, 45, 48; 1930–51, 244; after 1991, 303, 305

Raskova, Marina, 238, 240

Rasputin, Grigori, 182

Razin, Stenka, 49

Razumovskii, Aleksei, 70

redemption dues, 127

Reformation, 56, 57; and witchcraft persecutions, 42

Remembrance Day, Baranskaia, 270

Renaissance, 57

repartition of communal lands, 100, 127

restore-the-church movement, 283

Reutenfels, Jacob, 60

Revolution of 1905, xxi; political developments of, 114, 169–70; women’s participation in, 138, 169, 170–72, 176

Revolution of 1917, xxiii, xxv, 204, 259, 265, 284, 287; causes of, 114, 180–82; consequences of, for women, 191–94, 205–206, 317; women’s participation in, xv, 158, 167, 182–90. See also Bolshevik Party

Ride, Sally, 258

Riga, 278; Ladies Charitable Societies in, 94

Right to Be Yourself, The, Arbatova, 302

Rimashevskaia, Natalia, 283

Robertson, Christina, 324n27

roles of women. See division of labor, gendered; femininity, ideals of; gender values and norms in Russian history; fatherhood, ideals of; motherhood, ideals of

Romania, 258

romantic love. See marriage

Rome, 9, 25

Rostov-na-Donu, 19; servants unions in, 170

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 75, 82

royal women. See noblewomen Rozanova, Olga, 164, 181

Rudnev, Mikhail, 122

Rukh, 284

rural labor force. See peasants; peasant women

rusalki, 106

Russian Academy, 76, 78

Russian Academy of Sciences, 165

Russian Association of Crisis Centers for Women, 305

Russian Orthodox Church, 9, 15, 325n45; clergy of, 10, 12, 29, 35, 41, 98, 215; conversion to, 4, 9–10; dioscesan schools, 117, 129; missionary activities of, 156; popular belief and, 34–35, 63; teachings of, 10–12, 42, 295; women’s patronage of, 12, 18. See also marriage law; nuns; Old Believers; restore-the-church movement; women’s spirituality

Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, xxi, 153, 183, 187; and women, 168, 174, 175, 179, 189, 190, 197

Russian Women’s Mutual Philanthropic Society, 168, 170, 173

Russification, 153

Russo-Japanese War, 114, 169

Ruthchild, Rochelle, xi, 172, 176

Sajudis, 284, 297

Sakha. See Yakuts

Sakharov, Andrei, 276

salespeople, 139, 205, 268

salons, 95

Saltykov, Sergei, 72

Saltykova, Daria, 98–99

Samara, market riot in, 181

same-sex love. See homosexuality

Samoilova, Konkordia, 180

San Francisco Examiner, 298

Sappho-Petersburg, 305

Satan, 22, 53; in peasant women’s spirituality, 106; and witches, 42

Scandinavians: connections to Rus, 1, 6; folklore of, 7; women’s property rights among, 13, 39

scholars, women as: 1855–1914, 149, 159, 164–65; 1953–91, 260–61, 283; after 1991, 304, 307

seamstresses, 138, 152–53, 326n40

seclusion of women, 26, 35–36, 178, 201

second-wave feminism, xxiii, 260, 262, 291, 318

seigniorial serfs. See serfdom

Semashko, Nikolai, 207

Semenova Tian-Shanskaia, Olga, 129

Senate, Imperial, 79

serfdom: functioning of, 64, 73, 84, 97–105, 108–109, 325n45; origins of, 25, 27–28; and women as serf owners, 98–99. See also division of labor, gendered; emancipation of the serfs; peasant women

Serikova, Anastasia, 215

sex workers. See prostitution

sexuality: conceptions of female, 10–11, 42; conceptions of male: 34, 106–107

sexual relations: and clergy, 11, 41; regulation of (900–1462), 14; regulation of (1695–1855), 91, 103. See also rape

sexual relations, extramarital: 1462– 1695, 31; 1695–1855, 98, 103; 1855–1914, 135, 163–64; 1914–30, 206–207, 108–109; 1930–53, 233, 244, 250; 1953–91, 273

Shabanova, Anna, 168, 173, 184, 198

Shakhidki, 302–303

Shakhovskaia, Evgenia, 180

shamans, 46; women as, 47, 156, 274, 287

Shepkina, Ekaterina, 170

Shevardnadze, Edvard, 278

Shikheeva-Gaister, Inna, 231

Shishkina-Iavein, Poliksena, 183, 198

shopping, 263, 268–69

Shtange, Galina, 221

Shulman, Elena, 224

Shulz, Vera, 233

Shurupova, 208

Siberia, 127, 267; collectivization in, 215, 216, 228–29; conquest of, 46–48; migration into, 108, 154, 229; native peoples of, xiii, 31–32, 34, 108, 225, 272–74; women of European ethnicities in, 155, 165, 200–201, 288. See also Khetagurovite Campaign; native women of Siberia; Terror, the

Simon, Metropolitan, 11

single women: 1855–1914, 116, 132, 138, 142, 147, 160, 168; 1914–30, 184, 193, 206; 1930–53, 216, 248–29; 1953–91, 216; after 1991, 288, 304. See also tsarevny

Skavronska, Martha. See Catherine I

slavery: 900–1462, 2, 5, 17; 1462–1695, 29–31, 32, 36, 53; abolition of, 65; women in, 30–31

Slavophilism, 95

Sleptsov, Vasili, 124

SMERSH, 242

Smolensk, 19, 241

Smolny Institite, 94; and Catherine the Great: 74–75, 83; graduates of, 88, 93, 96

Social Bases of the Woman Question, The, Kollontai, 174

socialists: and feminists, 124–25, 173–75; and woman question, 153, 158, 168, 171; female, 125–26, 159, 163, 187–88. See also Bolshevik Party; German Social-Democratic Party; populists; Russian Social Democratic Labor Party; Socialist Revolutionary Party

Socialist International, 158

Socialist Revolutionary Party, xxi, 197, 204; in 1917, 182; women in, 153, 175, 188, 190, 234

social services: 1855–1914, 114, 139, 156, 161; 1914–30, 159, 191, 193, 195, 206; 1930–53, 211, 212, 216, 217, 218, 225, 252; 1953–91, 253–54, 255, 258, 259, 260, 268, 269, 276, 279, 318; after 1991, 287, 290, 295, 296, 307, 309, 311

Society for Cheap Lodgings, 116

sodomy, 229

Sokhanskaia, Nadezhda, 93

Sokovnins, 53

soldatki, 181, 245

Sondak, Ekaterina, 289, 309, 311, 312, 314

Sondak, Irina, 311, 312, 315

Sondak, Mikhail, 289

Sophia, Princess and Regent, 58, 59–63

Sophia Paleologus, tsaritsa, 37

Sophia Vitovtovna, Princess of Moscow, 18–19, 20, 25

Sorbonne, 165

sorcery. See magic; witchcraft

soul tax, 65

South America, 172

Sovetskii sport, 275

soviets: before 1917, 138, 179; in 1917, 182, 183, 189

Soviet period of Russian history, general history of, 158; 1917–21, 191–92; 1921–30, 194–95, 205–206; 1930–53, 211–12, 213–14, 229–30, 236–37, 249–51; 1953–91: 253, 254, 258, 277–79. See also activism of women; Bolshevik feminists; Bolshevik Party; Communist Party of the Soviet Union; gender values and norms in Russian history; Terror, the; World War II

Soviet period of Russian history, rural women in: 1917–21, 192–93; 1921–30, 103–104; 1930–53, 214–18; 1953–91, 270–72

Soviet period of Russian history, urban women in: 1917–21, 192–93; 1921–30, 194–95, 204–209; 1930–53, 211–12, 218, 220–25; 1953–91, 261–70