Barbara Clements - A History of Women in Russia

Lapteva, P., 135

Latin America, 202

Latvia, xiii, 286; annexation of, 108; industrialization in, 152; serfdom in, 109

laundresses, 138, 180; unions of, 170, 183

law. See Catholicism; crime; divorce; English: laws regarding women; Family Law Code; Great Britain: marriage law in; inheritance law; marriage law

lawyers, 114; women as, 262

League for the Emancipation from Sexual Stereotypes, 283

League for Women’s Equal Rights, 173, 175, 183

League of women Voters, 307

Lebedev, Klavdi, 21

Left Socialist Revolutionary Party, 188

Lenin, Vladimir, 183, 188, 190, 192; attitude toward women’s emancipation of, 196

Leningrad, 233, 244, 246, 255, 264, 277; blockade of, 247; women in labor force of, 245. See also Petrograd; St. Petersburg

lesbianism. See homosexuality

Levine, Isaac Don, 187

librarians, women as, 147, 190

Lida, 269

life estates, 19–20, 38

life expectancy, 290

Lindenmeyr, Adele, 94

Lipovskaia, Olga, 291

lishentsy, 204–205

literacy: 900–1462, 5, 23; 1462–1695, 57, 58; 1695–1855, 94; 1855–1914, 116, 144; 1914–30, 159, 200, 204, 205; 1930–53, 217

Literaturnaia gazeta, 254

Lithuanian Catholic Women’s League 177

Lithuanian Women’s Organization, 176–77

Lithuania, xiii; after 1985, 278, 280, 286; annexation of, 108; rulers of Grand Duchy of, 15, 18–19, 22; serfdom in, 100, 109; women in, 151, 152, 176–77, 297

Litviiak, Lilia, 241, 243

Liuda, 290

London, 5

Lopukhina, Evdokia, 62, 67

Louis XIV, 65

Lukashenko, Alexander, 308, 314

Lukianivka, 299

Lunacharskii, Anatoli, 207

Lutheranism, 70, 92, 283

Magadan, 236, 251

magic, 29, 42, 43, 45, 106–107

Makarova, Natalia, 264

Malakhova, Vera, 239

Malfrid, Queen of Norway, 7

Malleus maleficarum, Kramer and Sprenger, 42

Mammed-Quizadeh, Jirza-Jalil, 178

Mamonova, Tatiana, 277

Manchester, England, 137

Mandelshtam, Nadezhda, 276

Mandelshtam, Osip, 276

Marfa, mother of Tsar Michael, 51

Marfa Nagaia, wife of Ivan IV, 50–51

Maria, Empress, 85–86, 94

Maria, Princess of Moscow, 28

Maria, Tsarevna, 58, 64, 67

Maria, Tsaritsa, 37, 54, 58

marital separation, 13–14, 151, 175. See also divorce

market riots, 181

market vendors, women as: 900–1462, 5; 1462–1695, 29; 1695–1855, 107; 1855–1914, 138; 1930–55, 216; after 1991, 288, 289

Marody, Mira, 275

Marrese, Michelle Lamarche, 80

marriage: 900–1462, 1, 5–6, 18; 1462–1695, 28–29, 37, 39–40, 44, 47, 48, 50, 53–54, 61; 1695–1855, 67, 70, 75, 80–81, 87, 102–103; 1855–1914, 134, 151; 1914–30, 175, 177, 207–209; 1930–53, 244, 248; 1953–91, 273; after 1991, 290–91. See also divorce; marriage law

marriage law: 900–1462, 13–14;1695– 1855, 66–67, 90–91, 109; 1855–1914, 175; 1914–30, 191, 200, 203, 207–209; 1930–1953, 225, 248–49. See also divorce; Family Law Code

Marxism, 188, 213; and women’s emancipation, xxiii, 174–75, 260, 282

masculinity, ideals of: 900–1462, 11–12; 1462–1695, 34–35, 48; 1695–1855, 66, 90, 101; 1855–1914, 150–51; 1914–30, 206–207; 1930–1953, 221; 1953–91, 274–75; after 1991, 293–94. See also fatherhood, ideals of; gender values and norms in Russian history

Massa, Issac, 50, 51

maternalists, 291–92, 307, 311

maternity care: 1855–1914, 141, 175, 178; 1914–30, 191; 1930–53, 216; 1953–91, 254, 259, 270, 282; after 1991, 291, 295

Matthews, Christopher, 298

Matveev, Artamon, 58

Matveeva, Anna, 169, 194

Maupassant, Guy de, 233

Medical-Police Supervision of Prostitution, The, Pokrovskaia, 164

medicine, women in: 1855–1914, 112, 118–22, 124, 130, 147–48; 1914–30, 203; 1953–91, 262; after 1991, 288, 303, 309. See also dentists; doctors, women as; feldshers; midwives; nurses; pharmacists

Medvedev, Dmitri, 286

Memorial, 284

Mendeleev, D. I., 123

Menshevik Party, 153, 182, 187, 204

Menshikov, Alexander, 68

merchants: 900–1462, 5, 20; 1462–1695, 26, 27, 29, 31, 35, 57, 58; 1695–1855, 107; 1914–30, 170, 181, 183, 193; 1930–1953, 226; after 1991, 289

merchant women: 900–1462, 5, 17, 23; 1695–1855, 107–108; 1855–1914, 117, 145–46

Meshketian Turks, 251

metalworkers, 142, 150–51, 170, 213

Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church, 9

Michael, Grand Duke, 94

Michael, Prince of Tver, 22

Michael, Tsar, 27, 51, 58

Michels, Georg, 53

middle class, in Western Europe: 1695–1855, 85, 89, 90, 107; 1855–1914, 179; 1953–91, 263

middle class in Russia, women in: 1695–1855, 92, 107; 1855–1914, 112, 135, 145–46, 152, 163, 314. See also merchant women

midwives: 900–1462, 4; 1855–1914, 120, 130, 148, 162, 199; 1930–53, 216; 1953–91, 272; after 1991, 303

migrant workers, male, 132–34, 150

migrant workers, female: 1855–1914, 134, 139; 1930–53, 216; 1953–91, 271; after 1991, 288–89

Mikhail, Prince of Lithuania, 21

Mikhailov, M. L., 115

Mikitka, servant, 44

Miliukova, Anna, 170

Miliutin, Dmitri, 119, 120

Mill, John Stuart, 110, 114

Miloslavsky, Ivan, 59

miners, women as, 245

Minsk, 184, 249; women in (after 1991), 288, 304, 310, 311, 312, 313

Mirovich, Zinaida, 170

Mogilev, 152

Moldova, xxii, 286

Molla Nasreddin, 178

monasteries, 10, 50, 234; women’s patronage of: 9–10, 18. See also nuns

Mongols, 18–19, 22, 29, 46

Morozov, Gleb, 53

Morozov, Ivan, 54

Morozova, Evdokia, 54, 55

Morozova, Feodosia, 51–57

Morozova, Marfa, 145

Morshansk, 281; soldatki riot in, 181

Moscow: 900–1462, 16, 18, 22, 23; 1462–1695, 25, 26, 27, 37, 45, 49, 50, 51, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61; 1695–1855, 66, 84, 99, 102; 1855–1914, 128, 132, 150, 161, 164, 169, 170, 171, 177; 1914–30, 196, 197, 329n56; 1930–53, 221, 224, 229, 233, 236, 239, 242, 248; 1953–91, 255, 276, 279, 280, 281, 283, 284; after 1991, 290, 291; demographics of, 112, 134, 138, 145, 147, 148, 151, 193, 245; women’s activism in, 94, 116, 118, 146, 244, 302–303, 304; women’s lives in, 35, 53–54, 74, 192–93, 269; women’s work in, 133

Moscow Center for Gender Studies, 283, 304

Moscow Information Center of the Independent Women’s Forum, 304

Moscow metro, 224, 235, 241

mother-heroine campaigns, 249

motherhood, ideals of: 900–1462, 11, 18, 20, 23; 1462–1695, 33–34, 37; 1695–1855, 73, 75, 85–86, 88, 92, 101–102, 103–104; 1855–1914, 117, 149–50, 253–54, 176; 1930–53, 211–12, 223; 1953–91, 259–60, 272, 275; after 1991, 291–92, 293, 301

Mothers of Beslan, 305

Murmansk, 289, 312

Muscovy, xxii, 24, 317; merchant women in, 29; noblewomen in, 31–41, 49–63; nuns in, 40–41; Old Believers in, 51–57; peasant women in, 28–29; as period in Russian history, 25–26; slave women in, 29–31; witchcraft in, 41–45; and women of Siberia, 46–49

Mystical Images of War, Goncharova, 181

Nanai, 284

nannies, 87, 99, 104

Napoleon, 84

Naryshkina, Evdokia, 58, 60–61, 62–63, 65

Naryshkina, Natalia, 53, 56–57

nationalism, 283, 285, 295; and women as guardians of national culture, 85, 176–77, 253–54, 274, 284, 292

native peoples of the Americas, 46, 47, 154–55, 200, 273

native women of Siberia, xv; conquest by Muscovy of, 45–49, 63; 1695–1855, 108; 1855–1914, 154–55; 1930–53, 228–29, 246; 1953–91, 273–74, 284; after 1991, 288