Barbara Clements - A History of Women in Russia

heavy industry, 212, 213, 220; women in, 252

Hellie, Richard, 30, 31

Helsingfors University, 176

Helsinki Federation on Human Rights, 306

Helsinki Watch Moscow, 306

Hemment, Julie, 303–304

Hendrix, Jimi, 263

Herlihy, Patricia, 172–73

Hero of the Soviet Union medal, 240, 242

higher education. See education: higher

Hindu, 85

historiography on women in Russia, xxiii–xxv

Hitler, Adolf, 236, 247, 251

Holy League, 61

Holy Roman Empire, 61

homosexuality, 103; 206, 229, 233

honor, conceptions of: for men, 53, 201, 275; for women, 33, 35–37, 56–57, 110, 128–29, 201

Honorable Mirror of Youth, The, 68

Hope Abandoned, Mandelshtam, 276

Hope Against Hope, Mandelshtam, 276

hours laws (1885), 137

housekeeping. See housework housewives: 1855–1914, 142, 145–46; 1914–30, 205, 247; 1953–91, 267, 269

housework: 900–1462, 5–6; 1695–1855, 107; 1855–1914, 130, 135, 138, 139–42, 145–46, 150, 155; 1914–30, 197–98; 1930–1953, 211, 223, 250, 252; 1953–91, 253, 260, 267–69, 275; after 1991, 291, 310, 311. See also division of labor, gendered; double shift

housing: 900–1462, 4; 1462–1695, 29, 31; 1695–1855, 99; 1855–1914, 135, 139–41; 1914–30, 162, 168, 205, 206; 1930–1953, 212, 220, 246, 249; 1953–91, 253, 263, 264–66, 267; after 1991, 320

How I Tried to Get Into the Duma Honestly, Arbatova, 302

hromada societies, 154

Hungary, 6, 258

husbands, powers and duties of: 900–1462, 2, 12, 13, 17, 20; 1462– 1695, 28, 32, 34–35, 38–39; 1695–1855, 64, 79–82, 89–91; 1855–1914, 128–29, 150–51; 1914–30, 175, 191; 1930–1953, 221, 225; 1953–91, 272, 274–75; after 1991, 292

Hygiene of the Female Organism, The, Kashevarova-Rudneva, 121, 122

Iacheistova, Liudmila, 291

Iakovleva, mother of Anna Labzina, 81

Iaroslav, Prince of Kiev, 3

Iaroslavl, 256; lawsuits by women in, 128

Igor, Prince of Kiev, 9

Iguminshcheva, peasant, 102

Ilushin-2, 242

Independent Women’s Democratic Initiative, 283

Independent Women’s Forum, 304

industrial labor force, women in: 1855–1914, 113, 136–41, 144, 168; 1914–30, 195; 1930–53, 159, 213, 245, 247; 1953–91, 261. See also factory workers, women as

Industrial Revolution. See industrialization

industrialization: 1855–1914, 112, 136, 152; 113, 129–30, 131, 145, 152, 156; 1914–30, 195; 1930–1953, xv–xvi; 159, 238. See also First Five-Year Plan; industrial labor force, women in

infanticide, 135

Ingeborg, Queen of Denmark, 7

Ingush, 252

inheritance law: 900–1462, 12–13, 19–20; 1462–1695, 38–39; 1695–1855, 79–80; 1855–1914, 128, 175; 1914–30, 203. See also marriage law

institutes. See boarding schools

Institute of the Food Industry, 220

Institute of Socioeconomic Population Problems, 283

Intellectual and Moral Development of Children from the First Appearance of Consciousness to School Age, Vodovozova, 164

intelligentsia, xxiv; 1695–1855, 65, 75, 84, 95–97, 109, 110, 111; 1855–1914, 115, 123, 125, 156, 200; 1890–1914, 163, 164, 167, 172, 176, 177–78; 1914–30, 198, 200; 193–53, 251; 1953–91, 261, 264, 276–77; after 1991, 306, 309, 314, 317. See also dissidents; emancipation of women

Iran, 108; reforms for women in, 201, 273, 292

Irkutsk, privileged women in, 155

Ishigh, 178

Islam, 1, 20, 46, 292; critique of patriarchalism of, 177–78; women’s role in, 274, 295

Itelmens, 46

Iuri I, Prince of Moscow, 22–3

Iushkova, Varvara, 95

Ivan III, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 37

Ivan IV, 27, 37, 38, 45, 50

Ivan V, 60, 67

Ivan VI, 69, 72

Ivan, son of Avvakum, 52

Ivanovo Committee of Single-Parent Families, 304

Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 192; women in soviets of, 170

Izmailovo, 58

Jadidists, 177–78

Japan, 114, 169, 172; engineering gender values in, 65

Jews, xiii; 1695–1855, 92; 1855–1914, 145, 148, 152–53, 173; 1930–53, 225, 229, 235–36, 247, 251; 1953–91, 276

Joan of Arc, 49

Johanna, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst, 70

Johanson, Christine, 118

journalism, women in: 1855–1914, 115, 149, 159, 163, 164, 170, 174, 177–78; 1914–30, 193, 209; 1930–53, 213, 232, 235; 1953–91, 253, 260, 271, 281–82; after 1991, 301–302

Journey into the Whirlwind, Ginzburg, 236

judges, 302; and cases involving women, 37, 44; 79, 80; 128–29; women as, 262

Juliana, Princess of Moscow, 25

Kabakov, Ilia, 265, 266

Kadets, 182

Kalmyks, 251

Kamp, Marianne, 202

Karachais, 251

Karelina, Vera, 168, 169

Kashevarov, Nikolai, 120

Kashevarova-Rudneva, Varvara, 119–22, 130, 164

Kashirina, Akulina, 142

Katenina, L., 137

Katerinka, 43–45

Kazakhstan, xxii, 286; women in, 200, 288, 290

Kazan, 45; higher women’s courses in, 118, 146; Muslim reformers in, 178

Kazan University, 118, 235

Kelly, Catriona, 145

Kemshils, 251

Kerimov, Agahan, 226

Kerimova, Firuza, 226–28

KGB, 277

Khainovskaia, Elena, 309, 312, 314

Khainovskaia, Tatiana, 293, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315

Kharkov, 234; gender studies program in, 304; higher women’s courses in, 118, 146

Khetagurova, Valentina, 224

Khetagurovite Campaign, 224–25, 226, 229

Khrushchev, Nikita, 256, 258, 277; and Tereshkova, 256; and the woman question, 254–55, 271, 274, 279

Khrushcheva, Elena, 53

Khrushcheva, Nina, 255–56

Khvoshchinskaia, Nadezhda, 96

Khvoshchinskaia, Sophia, 93, 96

Kiev, city of: 900–1462, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15; 1462–1695, 61; 1855–1914, 152, 170; 1953–91, 271; after 1991 (Kyiv), 292, 300; civic organizations in, 303, 304; higher women’s courses in, 118, 146; and Kiev University, 118

Kievan Rus, 316, 317; merchant women in, 5; peasant women in, 3–4; as period in Russian history, 2–14; warrior-elite in, 2–4; warrior-elite, women in, 5–7

Kineshma, 181

King George IV, 187

Kireevskaia, Maria, 44

Kirov Ballet, 264

Kirov, Sergei, 227

Kivelson, Valerie, 43, 44

Kollmann, Nancy, 16, 26

Kollontai, Alexandra, 180, 208, 281; in 1917, 188, 189–90; as Commissar of Social Welfare, 191; as head of Zhenotdel, 192, 196; at Woman’s Congress, 174, 175

Kolyma, 236

kommunalka, 264–66

Komsomol, 203–204, 256; women in, 219, 223–25, 239, 240, 241

Konchaka, Princess, 22, 23

Konstantinova, Valentina, 283

Koraks, 47, 228

Korea, 114

Korsini, Maria, 88, 96

Korzh, Zinaida, 249

Kostroma, women in, 137, 181

Kovalevskaia, Sofia, 165, 166–67

Kramer, Henrich, 42

Krasnodar, 215, 220

Kravits, Lidia, 244

Kremlin: defined, 323n18; as political center in Moscow, 26, 57, 60, 62, 230, 279, 281; women’s palace in, 37, 61

Krest’ ianka, 203, 204, 254, 271

Krylova, Anna, 238

Kuchma, Leonid, 300

Kuczalska-Reinschmidt, Paulina, 177

kulaks, 214, 216, 229, 231, 235

kulturnost, 222, 263

Kurds, 251

kursistka, 118. See also education: higher

Kursk, battle of, 237

Kuznetsova, Larisa, 281

Kyiv. See Kiev, city of

Kyrgyzstan, xxii, 286; women in, 200

Labzina, Anna, 81–82, 92, 99, 104

lace-makers, women as, 131

Ladies Charitable Societies, 94

Lake Baikal, 47, 108

Land and Liberty, 125. See also populists

Land Code of 1922, 203

landowning: 900–1462, 4, 16, 19–20; 1462–1695, 38–39; 1695–1855, 64, 79–80; 1930–1953, 214. See also emancipation of the serfs; serfdom