Barbara Clements - A History of Women in Russia

Soviet period of Russian history, women of the Caucasus in: 1930–53, 226–28; 1953–91, 272–74;

Soviet period of Russian history, women of Central Asia in: 1921–30, 200–202; 1930–53, 226; 1953–91, 272–74;

Soviet period of Russian history, women of Siberia in: 1930–53, 228–29; 1953–91, 272–74

Soviet Union. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Soviet Women’s Committee, 279, 282–83, 285, 296, 308

special settlements, 214, 229

Sperling, Valerie, 261

Spiridonova, Maria, 188, 190

Sprenger, Jacob, 42

St. Petersburg: 1695–1855, 69, 70; 1855–1915, 120, 164, 169, 329n38, 294; demographics of, 112, 132, 134, 135, 144, 151; foundation of, 66; women’s activism in, 95, 116, 118, 119, 123–25, 138, 146, 162, 168, 169–70, 171, 173, 178, 179, 303, 304; women’s lives in, 74, 78. See also Leningrad; Petrograd

St. George’s Cross, 185, 187

St. Ivan Kupala, 103

St. Paraskeva, 55

Stalin, Joseph, 220, 221, 236, 261, 288, 318; accomplishments of, 211; death of, 251; during World War II, 237, 242; policy reversals following death of, 253, 254, 255, 258–59; public opinion about, 218, 221, 251; and repression, 212, 213–15, 229–32, 237, 251, 268, 276, 284; rise to power of, 209

Stalingrad, 237, 241, 243

Starovoitova, Galina, 290–91

Stasov, Vasili, 116

Stasova, Nadezhda, 115–16, 168

state peasants. See serfdom Stepanova, 266

steppe, 1, 99, 215, 233

Stock Exchange News, The, 116

Stoliarova, Liubov, 234

streltsy, 60, 62

strikes, 137, 169, 170, 171, 176, 278

strikes, women as participants in: 1855–1914, 138, 168, 169, 170, 179; 1914–17, 181; 1930–53, 230–31

Stroganova, Sophia, 98–99

Subhankulova-Alibeova, Hadija Hanim, 178

suffrage movement. See suffrage

suffrage: universal, 169, 171; women’s, 168, 171, 172, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179

Sultanova, Anna, 227

Sultan-Zade, Rabia khanum, 201, 227

Sumarokova, Ekaterina, 95

Sunday schools, 116, 144, 162

Surikov, Vasili, 52

Suuymbike, 328n29

Suzdal, 15, 18, 40

Sviatoslav, Prince of Kiev, 9, 10, 14

Sweden, 73, 165, 176; women in paid-xlabor force of, 213

switchboard operators, 149

Switzerland, 119

tailors, 326n40

Tajikistan, xxii, 286; women in, 200

Tambov, 214; lawcases involving women in, 128

Tarnovskii, Veniamin, 120

Tashkent: women’s regiments in, 184; women in 1970s in, 272

Tatars, 45, 177, 228

Tatarstan, organizing by women in, 284

Taurida Palace, 183

Taylor, Harriet, 110, 114

Tbilisi: European women in, 156; higher education courses in, 146; women’s unions in, 170

teachers, 114, 248

teachers, women as: 1855–1914, xv, 117, 147, 148, 152, 155, 159, 161, 165, 167, 170, 209; 1914–30, 190; 1930–53, 224, 228, 236, 245, 271, 288, 309, 310, 315

temperance movement, 172–73

Tereshkova, Valentina, 255–57

Terror, the, 276; causes of, 229–30; definition of, 229; gender and, 230–31; NKVD and, 231–32; relaxation of, 253. See also Gulag

textile workers, women as: 1855–1914, 131, 136, 137, 138, 139–41, 168, 170, 197, 203; 1914–30, 158; 1930–53, 213; 1953–91, 255, 256, 262

Right to Be Yourself, The, Arbatova, 302

theater: women’s attendance at, 144, 145, 150, 152; women’s participation in, 149, 163–64, 264; women’s patronage of, 67, 69, 78, 155, 156, 162

Thyrêt, Isolde, 37

Tiflis. See Tbilisi Time of Troubles, 27, 49, 51

tobacco workers, 136, 170

Tohidi, Nayereh, 274

Tolstoi, D. A., 118, 119

Tomsk, higher courses in, 146

tractor drivers, women as: 1930–53, 217–18, 219, 224, 245, 250; 1953–91, 271, 281

traders, women as. See entrepreneurs, women as

trade unions. See unions

Treivas, Fruma, 221, 231–32

Trotsky, Lev, 196, 207

Trubnikova, Maria, 115, 116

Trud, 254

tsarevny, 37–38, 61, 324n13

tsaritsy, 54, 58, 63, 324n13; elevation of, 37–38

Tula, salon in, 95

Tungus, 48, 155; women of, 47, 108, 156

Tur, Evgenia, 115

Turgenev, Ivan, 115, 123, 233.

Turkey, 73; gender reform in, 201, 273

Turkmen, 273

Turkmenistan, xxii, 286; women of, 200, 273

Tuscany, 316

Tver, 139; women in, 95, 102, 294, 304

Tver Center for Women’s History and Gender Studies, 307

Tvorchestvo, 304

Tymoshenko Bloc, 300

Tymoshenko, Oleksandr, 299

Tymoshenko, Yulia, 296, 297, 299, 300–301

Udaltsova, Nadezhda, 164

Uglich, 2, 4, 50

Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 283

Ukraine, xxii, 61, 99, 279, 285; annexation of, 45, 108; collectivization in, 215; emancipation of serfs in, 127; politics of (after 1991), 286, 295, 301; World War II in, 236, 237, 249, 251

Ukraine, women in: 1462–1695, 45–46; 1695–1855, 108; 1855–1914, 152, 177; 1914–30, 195; 1930–53, 218, 234, 235, 239, 242, 245, 247; 1953–91, 270, 283; after 1991, 287, 289, 295, 301, 304, 305. See also Tymoshenko, Yulia

Ulozhenie of 1649, 27, 39, 79

Umniagina, Tamara, 249

unemployment of women: 1855–1914, 138, 144; in 1920s, 195; in 1930s, 212; after 1991, 287, 310, 314

Uniate Church, 283

Union for Women’s Equality, 177

Union of Committees of Soldiers Mothers, 284, 305

Union of Equal Rights, 170–72, 173, 177

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, xxii, xxiv, 202, 236, 258, 271; creation of, 194. See also Soviet period of Russian history

Union of women of Russia, 296, 308

unions, 137, 168, 170, 171, 205; women in, 1855–1914: 138, 169–70, 179; 1914–30, 183, 197, 203

United Nations Women’s Conference of 1995. See Beijing, United Nations Women’s Conference in

United States, 108, 115, 187, 208, 237, 263, 273, 290, 306, 308; and Cold War, 253, 258, 278; enlistment of women in military of, during World War II, 238; gender values in, 85, 255–56, 258, 259–60; historiography in, xxiii–xiv; nineteenth-century feminism in, 110, 122; second-wave feminism in, 260, 307; women’s activism in, 1855–1914, 162, 167, 168, 171, 172; women in paid-labor force of, 138, 147, 213, 250, 262

University of Moscow, 69

University of Stockholm, 165

Unveiling Campaign, 200–202

Urals, 127

urbanization, 112. See also cities; industrialization; migrant workers; working-class women

Urusova, Ekaterina, 95

Uzbek, Khan of the Mongols, 22

Uzbekistan, xxii, 214, 286; women in, 215, 274, 295. See also Unveiling Campaign

V kontakte, 314

Valuisky, 121

Vasili I, Prince of Moscow, 23, 24

Vasili II, Prince of Moscow, 20, 24, 25

Vasili III, Tsar, 26–27, 37

Vasili Shuiskii, Tsar, 50

Vasilkovskii, Grigori, 221, 232

veche, 22

Venetian Republic, 61

Verkhovna Rada, 297

Vernadskaia, Maria, 110, 114, 178

Verxoslava, Princess of Kiev, 11

Vichuga, arrest of female strikers in, 230–31

Victoria, Queen, 87

Vilnius, 118, 152, 278

Virgin Mary, 13, 85, 106

Vladimir, city of, 19, 22

Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev, 3, 10, 12, 14

Vladimir Monomakh, 7, 8

Vodovozova, Elizaveta, 164

Volga Germans, 251

Volga River, 18

Vologda Mothers for the Morality of Children, 310

Volovich, Hava, 232

volunteerism. See philanthropy, women in

Volynia, 19

Voronezh, 121

Vorontsov family, 76

Vostok 6, 258

votchina, 38–39, 79

Voznesenskaia, Julia, 277

Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, 24

wages, women’s: 1855–1914, 136, 137, 139, 185; 1914–30, 193; 1930–53, 211, 220, 245; 1953–91, 253, 258, 259, 62, 268, 270; after 1991, 287, 309, 311