Barbara Clements - A History of Women in Russia

cities, women’s activism in: 1695–1855, 93–94; 1890–1914, 112, 116, 124, 125, 155, 169–77, 179; during World War I, 180–82; 1917–30, 183–84; in 1930s, 223; 1953–91, 4, 283; after 1991, 289, 295, 303–309

cities, women’s lives in: 900–1462, 5, 17; in Muscovy, 26, 29–31; 1700– 1860, 94, 107–108, 111; 1860–1914, 116, 131–32, 134–44, 150, 152, 155, 156; during World War I, 181–82; 1917–21, 192–93; 1920s, 206; 1930s, 212, 218, 220–21; during World War II, 212, 248; 1952–82, 262, 227, 272; after 1991, 287–88, 289, 310

civic organizations, 304–309

Civil War, 191–94

clerical workers, women as, 149, 193, 213, 233, 296

Cold War, xviii, 255, 258, 318

Collection of the Laws of the Russian Empire, The, 90–91

collective farms, 287; establishment of, 214–15; in Siberia, 273, 288; women workers on, 217–18, 244, 246, 250, 271

collectivization. See collective farms

Commissariat of Education, 191

Commissariat of Labor, 191

Committee of Soldiers’ Mothers, 284, 305

commune. See peasant commune

Communist Party of the Soviet Union: in 1920s, 194; 1953–92, 253, 259–60; gender ideas of, 195–96, 206–208, 221–23; policies toward women of, xvii, 159, 191, 195–96, 209–10, 258–60, 279; structure of, 191–92; women in, 141, 192, 193–94, 206, 218, 255, 256, 262, 296. See also Bolshevik Party; Komsomol; Terror, the; Unveiling Campaign

Congress of People’s Deputies, 278, 280

Congressional Medal of Honor, 240

Constantine, Grand Duke, 84

Constantine, Roman Emperor, 8

Constituent Assembly, 182, 184, 329n40

consumer goods, availability of: during World War I, 181; 1930–53, 212, 221, 232, 246, 249; 1953–91, 253, 254, 258, 263, 267, 268, 269; after 1991, 310

consumer goods, selling of, by women after 1991, 289

consumerism, 150, 263–64, 266

convents: 900–1462, 10; 1462–1695, 40–41, 53, 55, 62; closure of (in 1929), 210; resurgence of (in 19th century), 160–61; resurgence of (after 1985), 283, 287

cooks, women as, 138, 180, 234, 239

cooperatives, women’s, 204

cosmonauts, women as, 255, 256–58

Cossacks, 169, 184; 1462–1695, 27, 45, 46, 47, 48, 322n3

cottage industry, 113, 131

Council of People’s Commissars, 183

courts: in Rus period, 12; 1462–1695, 27, 36, 43, 44; 1700–1860, 79–80, 98, 109; 1860–1914, 113, 127, 128–29; 1917–28, 193, 203; 1930–53, 225; 1953–91, 259, 265

courtship, 102–103, 113

couverture, doctrine of, 79

crime: definitions of, in Russian law codes, 14, 43, 91; in 19th-century cities, 94

crime, committed by women: 1860– 1914, 135, 142–44; in 1920s, 205, 206; in 1930s, 229, 232; during World War II, 52; after 1991, 303. See also prostitution; witchcraft

Crimea, 177, 230, 279; annexation of, 108

Crimean Tatars, 251

Crimean War, 84, 109–110

cult of domesticity: origins of, 82–83; under Nicholas I, 85–90, 96, 111; 1855–1914, 117, 149–51, 153, 155, 200; in 1930s, 211–12, 222; after 1991, 293. See also femininity, ideals of; masculinity, ideals of

Curie, Marie, 165

Curie, Pierre, 165

Czechoslovakia, 258, 278

dachas, 288

dairying, 117

Danilova, Maria, 55

Danilovichi, 16

Dashkov, Mikhail, 76

Dashkov, Pavel, 76

Dashkova, Ekaterina, 75–78, 80, 98, 100

daycare. See childcare Decembrists, 84

Degetereva, Nadezhda, 180

dentists, 148

Department of the Institutions of the Empress Maria, 94

Derevlians, 9

Devil. See Satan Diaghilevs, 115

diocesan schools, 117

dissidents, 276–77

division of labor, gendered: among the Rus, 4, 5; 1462–1695, 28, 32–35; under serfdom, 105, 107; 1855–1914, 141–42; 1953–1991, 267–69, 275; after 1991, 287, 290–91. See also double shift

divorce, 109; in Rus law, 13–14; in Russian law, 64, 91–92, 122; 1855–1914, 151; in Soviet law, 191, 200, 203, 207, 225, 248–49, 259. See also marriage

divorce rate: in Soviet Union, 206, 209, 217, 248, 272; after 1991, 292.

Dmitri, son of Ivan IV, 50–52

Dmitri Boretskii, 27, 28

Dmitri Donskoi, Prince of Moscow 23, 25

Dmitri Shemiaka, 24

Dniepr River, 2

Dobrodeia, 7

doctors, 130, 114, 173, 225, 242, 288, 295, 309

doctors, women as: 1855–1914, xv, 118–22, 152, 159, 167; 1920s, 190, 198, 209; 1930–53, 213, 238; 1953–91, 253, 261, 271; after 1991, 288, 309

Dolgorukii, Ivan, 80, 81

Dolgorukaia, Natalia, 80–81, 104

domestic servants, unions of, 170, 171

domestic servants, women as: 1855–1914, 113, 132, 135–36, 146, 152; 1930–53, 213, 221, 247; 1953–92, 271

domestic violence, 290, 292, 304, 305, 307. See also wife-beating

domesticity. See cult of domesticity

Domostroi, The: 1462–1695, 25, 28, 32–35, 36, 44, 58, 63; 1695–1914, 6, 16, 33, 34, 37, 61; 1930–53, 221

Donets Basin, 245

Dorpat, 146

double shift: 1930–53, 247, 250, 254; 1953–91, 8, 13, 16, 20–25, 33, 253, 254,; after 1991, 287, 290, 291, 301, 311

Dowd, Maureen, 298

dowry: in Rus period, 12–13; 1462– 1695, 34, 39, 41, 47; 1695–1855, 74, 79, 99, 101, 103; 1855–1914, 128; 1930– 1953, 228; 1953–91, 274

dress: in Rus period, 3, 5; 1462–1695, 35; 1695–1914, 64, 66; in Central Asia, 201, 263

dressmakers, 138, 326n40

Druzhina-Osoryin, Kallistrat, 40

Druzhina-Osoryina, Iuliana, 40

Dubna Conference, 283, 304

Dubovitskaia, Ksenia, 214

Dubrovka Theater, attack on, 302–303

Duma: definitions of, xxi; 1906–1917, 158, 172, 175, 178, 182; after 1991, 294, 296, 302

Eastern Bloc, 258, 263, 278; women in, 262, 265

East Germany, 258, 278

Easter, 105

Eastern Europe: in seventeenth century, 27, 58; 1695–1914, 97, 100; 1953–1991, 253, 265, 276, 278; after 1991, 289, 297, 307

Eastern Front of World War II, 237

Edinburgh, 76

editors, women as: 1855–1914, 115, 149, 163, 177, 178; 1930–51, 213; 1953–91, 277

education, 86, 113, 151, 275; Catherine the Great and, 70, 72, 74–76; higher, 83–84; and intelligentsia, 90, 96, 110, 118, 154, 161, 164–65, 173, 176, 177–78, 260; patronage by women of, 69–70, 74–75; of peasants (after 1855), 129–30; of peasants (1953–91), 271; public opinion regarding (after 1991), 309, 310, 312; and revolutionaries, 190–91; Soviet programs regarding (1918–28), 191, 194, 204, 205, 210; Soviet programs regarding (1930–53), 212, 318; and Zhenotdel, 197. See also faculty in higher education, women as; teachers

education of females: 1695–1914, 64, 82, 92–93, 317; 1855–1914, 112, 122–23, 129–30, 147, 153, 154, 155, 176; 1930–53, 196, 217, 220, 226, 228, 250, 252; 1953–92, 253, 261, 271, 272, 273; after 1991, 292, 294

education and feminists: 1855–1914, 110, 114, 116–19, 159, 167–68, 170–71, 178; 1953–92, 260

Egorova, Anna, 224, 226, 235, 241–43, 249, 250

805th Attack Aviation Regiment, 242

Ekaterina, tsarevna, daughter of Alexis, 58, 64

Ekaterinburg, women’s battalions in, 184

Ekster, Alexandra, 164

Elagina, Avdotia, 95, 96

Elena, Grand Duchess, 94, 109

Eletskoi, Fedor, 43–44

Elizaveta, Empress, 68, 69–72, 86

emancipation of women: Bolshevik program of, 180, 191, 192, 193; Communist Party conceptions of, 195–96; feminist conceptions of (1855–1914), 114–15, 124–25; German Social-Democratic program of, 174–75; and intelligentsia, 123; Soviet programs of, 159, 194, 198–99, 209, 210. See also Bolshevik party; Communist Party of the Soviet Union; feminism