Barbara Clements - A History of Women in Russia

artists, 87, 162; 304; women as, 68, 149, 162–64, 209, 213, 264

Artiukhina, Alexandra, 197–98, 199, 203

arts. See artists

Arzamas, 49

Arzamasskaia, Alena, 49

Asia, 202, 274

Assembly of Russian Factory and Mill

Workers, 169

Association for Women in Slavic Studies, xxiii

Association in Defense of Azerbaijan Women’s Rights, 284

Association of Small People’s of the North, 283

Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Russia, 296

Astrakhan, 45

attorneys. See lawyers

August Coup (1991), 279, 281

Augustus, Roman Emperor, 65

Austria, 97, 154, 180

authority of women, xiv; among Rus, 2, 18, 20, 23; 1462–1695, 22–33, 37, 40, 45, 47, 56; 1695–1855, 73, 78, 101–102, 104; 1855–1914, 150, 156; 1914–30, 20

avant-garde, 149, 159, 164, 194

Avignon, property rights of women in, 13

Avvakum, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56

Axis, 211, 212, 237

Azerbaijan, xxii, 226, 286; discussion of woman question in, 177, 292; women in, 201, 226–28, 274, 304–305. See also Baku

Azerbaijan Gender Information Center, 228, 304–305

babi bunty, 214–15, 219, 230

Baghdad, 178

Baku, 226; colonial women in, 156; Muslim intelligentsia of, 178; organizing of women’s regiments in, 184

Baku, women of: 1953–91, 272–73, 284; after 1991, 304–305

Balkans, 25, 97, 109, 198

Baltic states, 66, 97, 100, 109, 225, 286; women’s activism in, 172, 176–77

banking, 289

Baranov, V. D., 266

Baranskaia, Natalia, xvix, 264, 269–70, 275

Barber, John, 237

Bardina, Sophia, 124, 126

Bashkir, 120

battered women’s shelters, 307

Beijing, United Nations Women’s

Conference in, 307

Bek, Anna, 165

Belaeva, Nina, 281–82

Belarus, 279, 289, 311, 313; annexation of, 108; hardships of World War II in, 247; industrialization in, 152; politics after 1991, 286, 301, 312; Slavic farmers in, 3, 121, 127; women soldiers in, 184–85, 239–40, 244

Belarusian State University, 311, 315

Belarusians, xiii, 152

Belinskii, Vissarion, 96

Belousova, Liudmila, 264

Belskaia, Maria, 216

Berkhoff, Karel, 247

Berlin, xviii, 165, 237, 247

Bernstein, Laurie, 143

Bershanskaia, Evdokia, 240

Beslan, terrorist invasion of school in, 302–303

Bestuzhev Courses, 118, 123–124, 146, 165, 174

Bestuzhev-Riumin, K. N., 118

Bible, 94, 311

Biriukova, Alexandra, 279

Birobidzhan, 229

birthrate: of peasants in 18th and 19th centuries, 103; in 1930s, 216, 225; in 1940s, 248–49; 1953–91, 259; after 1991, 290, 295

Black Earth, 99

black market, 220, 229, 258

Black Sea, 2, 45

Bloody Sunday, 1905, 169, 194

blue-collar workers, women as. See working-class women

boarding schools, 92–93, 116–117

Bochkareva, Maria, 185–87, 196

Bogdan, Valentina, 220

Bohac, Rodney, 102

Bohemia, 58

Bolshevichki. See Bolshevik feminists Bolshevik party, xxi; in 1917, 182–83, 185, 187, 188, 190; during civil war, 191–92; gender ideas of, xvi, 190, 196; policies toward women of (1917–21), 191; women in, 180, 187–88, 189–90, 191, 255. See also Bolshevik feminists; Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Bolshevik feminists, 190–91, 192, 211, 221, 251. See also feminism Bonner, Elena, 276

Borderlands, 152, 175. See also specific countries

Boretskaia, Marfa, 20–23, 25, 322n23

Boretskii, Fedor, 22

Boretskii, Izak, 22

Boretskii, Vasili, 22

Borisova, N., 281

Brezhnev, Leonid, 273, 276, 277; gender ideas during rule of, 274–76, 293; and the woman question, 258–61

bride price, 103, 200, 226, 228, 273

Bridger, Susan, 293

brothels, 143, 144, 152, 173

Brussels, 318

Buddha, 274

Buddhism, 46

Bulgaria, 258

Buloichik, Liudmila, 310

Bund, 153

Burgundy, 316

Buryats, 46, 47, 155, 228, 273, 274

Bushueva, Valentina, 246

Byzantine Empire, 2, 7, 8, 9, 12, 53

Cambridge University, 146

Canadian Fund for Gender Equality, 307

Catherine I, 67, 68, 69

Catherine II, the Great, xiv, xix, 68, 83; accomplishments of, 73–74; coup of, 72; early life of, 70–72, 85–86; educational policies of, 74–76, 117; and Ekaterina Dashkova, 76, 78; and Enlightenment, 72, 74, 93, 95; and expansion of Russia, 108; and imagemaking, 72–74, 87; and limiting of monasteries, 160; and strengthening of serfdom, 98, 108

Catholicism, 56, 198; and abortion, 295; and differences with Orthodoxy, 9; gender ideas of, 10–11, 34; in Lithuania, 177, 297; marriage law of, 13–14, 93, 109; religious orders of, 40, 41, 160, 161; and witchcraft, 42

Caucasus, 215, 240, 251; abortion in, 225, 295; Communist reforms in, 226; economic conditions in (1953– 91), 267; economic conditions (after 1991), 287, 310; gender concerns after 1991, 293; politics of (after 1991), 286, 287, 292; Russian expansion into, xiii, 108, 156, 200; women as preservers of tradition in, xv, 273–74, 275; women in (1953–91), 272–73; women in (after 1991), 289, 296, 304–305, 307. See also Armenia; Azerbaijan

Cavender, Mary Wells, 81, 88

Central Asia, xiii, 228, 233; abortion in, 225, 295; birthrate after 1991, 290;

Communist reforms in, 200–201, 207, 226; economic conditions in (1953–91), 267; economic conditions in (after 1991), 27–88, 310; expansion into, 108, 156; politics of (after 1991), 286, 292, 301; reaction to collectivization in, 215, 216. See also Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; Unveiling Campaign

Central Asia, women in: 1930s, 226; 1953–91, 272–73; after 1991, 288, 289, 296, 307; women’s activism in, 181; women as preservers of tradition in, xv, 273–324, 275

Central Committee of the Communist Party, 190, 192, 262

Central Europe, 109; importation of gender ideas from, 5, 64, 317; women’s migration to, after 1991, 289

Central Washington University, 313

chadrah, 227

Chaikovskii Circle, 125

charity, 93–94. See also philanthropy, women in

Charlotte of Prussia. See Alexandra, Empress, wife of Nicholas I

“Charter to the Nobility,” 73

Chechens, 251, 303

Chechnya, war with rebels in, 293, 302–303, 305

Chekhov, Anton, 233

Chekhova, Maria, 170

Chernenko, Konstantin, 277

Chernigov, 19

Chernyshevskii, Nikolai, 115, 118–19, 123, 124, 126

Chicago, 318

childbirth: practices among Rus peasants, 4; among Muscovite peasants, 29; under serfdom, 104, 106; after Emancipation, 130; in 1930s, 216; in 1970s, 272

childcare, 178, 193, 225

childcare, Soviet programs of: 1917–30, 175; in 1920s, 195; in 1930s, 223; in World War II, 247–48, 252; in postwar period, 259, 270, 282, 286, 291, 295

Children of Chernobyl, 308

China, 15, 48; Nicholas II’s foreign policy toward, 114; propagation of gender values in Qing period of, 65; Soviet program of women’s emancipation in, 262

Chinese Communist Party: and cult of domesticity, 85; and Soviet program of women’s emancipation, 196, 202

Christianity: conversion of Rus to, 2, 4, 9–12, 23; conversion of Siberians to, 156; in family life, 34; impact on gender ideas, 10–12; Jewish conversion to, 153; schismatic activity of women in, 53–54; syncretism with pagan beliefs of, 106–107; women’s role in conversion to, xviii, 9–10, 16, 25, 53

Chukchi, 46, 47

Church Statute of Prince Iaroslav, 14

cigarette workers, women as, 131, 136, 142

cities, 1, 2, 5, 15, 78, 89, 170, 214, 238; elsewhere in Europe, 93, 101, 107; gender ideas in, 150–51; growth of (after 1860), 112, 152; impact of, on countryside after 1860, 127–28, 129, 131, 133–34, 203; migration to, 113, 132–33, 217, 272, 273, 288