Barbara Clements - A History of Women in Russia

emancipation of the serfs, 113; consequences of, 113, 123, 156; consequences for peasant women, 128–29, 132, 160; terms of, 123, 126–27

embroidery: 1462–1695, 29, 33, 36, 41; 1695–1855, 74, 86, 93, 99; 1855–1917, 116, 131, 161, 164

Emperor, as title of Russian rulers, xxii, 324n4

employment. See industrial labor force, women in; division of labor, gendered

energetic masculinity, 66

Engel, Barbara Alpern, xiii, 126, 142, 151

engineers, 194, 223; women as, 213, 226, 238, 262

England, 30, 148; female physicians in (1882), 119; gender values in, 68; women’s property rights in, 13, 39, 80. See also English; Great Britain

English, xiv, 110, 256; colonialism, 47; cult of domesticity, 89; laws regarding women, 14; lives of women, 32; prostitution, 143; slavery, 30

Enlightenment, The, 83, 97; Catherine II and, 72–73, 74–75; critique of, 82; women in, 78, 95

entertainment: 1462–1695, 29; 1695– 1914, 64, 66, 105; 1855–1914, 113, 144, 145, 162–64; 1953–1991, 264

entrepreneurs, women as: 1855–1914, 131–32, 152; after 1991, 289, 304, 311

Eskimos, 46

Estonia, xxii, 152, 286

Estonians, xiii European Parliament, 306

Evdokia, Princess of Moscow, 23–26

Evdokia, princess, daughter of Alexis, 58

Eve, Biblical, 10–11

Evfrosinia, Queen of Hungary, 7

Evreinova, Anna, 170

factory workers activism among: 1890–1917, 159, 168, 173–74, 179–80, 193–94; 1918–28, 198; 1930–53, 213, 224, 245, 247; 1953–92, 261

factory workers, women as: 1855–1914, 113, 136–38, 139–41, 152; 1930–53, 213, 261. See also working-class women

faculty in higher education, women as: 1855–1917, 164–65; 1930–53, 213; 1953–91, 253, 260, 262, 283, 284; after 1991, 304

False Dmitri, 50, 51

Family Law Code: of 1918, 191, 203, 207; of 1926, 207–209; of 1936, 225–26; of 1944, 248–49. See also divorce; marriage law

Far East, 224, 228, 236

Far North, 228, 229, 232

Farmers and New Democracy Party, 297

Farnsworth, Beatrice, 128

fatherhood, ideals of: 900–1462, 12, 13, 18; 1462–1695, 34–35, 39, 58; 1695–1855, 87, 101; 1855–1914, 134, 151; 1953–91, 274–75; after 1991, 292. See also gender values and norms in Russian history; masculinity, ideals of Federation of Women Writers, 282

Fedor I, tsar, 27, 49

Fedor II, tsar, 60

Fedulova, Alevtina, 282

feldshers, 148, 152, 155, 209, 239

femininity, ideals of: 900–1462, 10–12; 1462–1695, 28–29, 32–33;1695–1855, 68, 81–83, 85–90; 1855–1914, 149–50; 1930–53, 211–12, 221–23; 1953–91, 259–60, 275–76; after 1991, 290–93. See also gender values and norms in Russian history; motherhood, ideals of

feminism, xvii, xxiii, xxiv; 1695–1855, 110; 1855–1914, 112, 114–19, 122–23, 124–25, 126, 154, 156; 1890–1930, 159– 60, 163, 167–68, 170–77, 178–79, 180, 183–84, 190, 198, 199, 209; 1930–53, 211, 220, 221, 222, 223, 251; 1953–91, 254, 260, 262, 277, 281–83, 284, 285; after 1991, 291, 293, 296, 301–302, 303, 307, 308, 314, 317, 318, 334n11

feminists. See feminism

Field, Deborah, 274–75

Figner, Vera, 183

Filaret, patriarch, 39

Filosofov, Vladimir, 115–16, 119

Filosofova, Anna, 115, 119, 168, 173

Finland, 108; feminist movement in, 175–76, 179

Finnish legislature, 176

Finnish Social Democratic Party, 176

Finnish Union of Women’s Rights, 176

Finno-Ugric peoples, 46

First All-Russian Congress of Women, 173–74, 175

First Five-Year Plan, 202, 212–13, 214, 220

First Non-Party Congress of Azerbaijani Women, 227

First Petrograd Women’s Battalion, 185

First Russian Women’s Battalion of Death, 184–85

586th Fighter Regiment, 240, 41

food service, women workers in, 213, 262

For Bravery medal, 242

For Life, 304

Ford Foundation, 307

Foreign Affairs, 300

Forsyth, James, 48

foster care, 132

46th Guards Night Bomber Regiment, 240–41

France, 65, 84, 107, 109; divorce rate in, 206; feminism in, 110; gender ideas in, 68; property rights of women in, 39; prostitution laws in, 143; socialism in, 125; women in labor force of, 139, 213, 267

Free Association of Feminist Organizations, 283

Free Economic Society, 98

Freeze, Gregory, 91, 151

French Revolution, 78, 85

Frolova, A., 281

FSU (Former Soviet Union), xxiv; economic developments for women in, 286–90; gender ideas of, 290–94; political developments for women in, 294–303; public opinion in, 309– 13; women’s activism in, 303–309

Furtseva, Elena, 255, 262

Gafarova, Elmira, 280

Gagarin, Yuri, 256, 257

Galicia, 19, 54

Gan, Elena, 96

Gapon, Georgi, 169

Gapova, Elena, 288

Gasprali, Ismail Ben, 177

Gayer, Evdokia, 284

Gelman, Polina, 240

gender values and norms in Russian history, xiii–xvii, 23, 24; 900–1462, 1, 10–12, 17, 23–24; 1462–1695, 25–26, 32–35, 45–46, 55–56, 63; 1695–1855, 64, 65–68, 79, 80–83, 85–90; 1855– 1914, 149–51, 153–54, 159; 1914–30, 197, 200–202, 205–209; 1930–53, 211–12, 221–23, 243–44, 247–49; 1953–91, 253, 255–56, 260, 272–73; after 1991, 287, 289, 290–94, 316, 317, 318. See also cult of domesticity; division of labor, gendered; fatherhood, ideals of; motherhood, ideals of

Georgian Orthodox Church, 274, 283

German Social-Democratic Party, 174–75, 190, 198

Germanic peoples, gender values of, 6, 13, 14

German states, 97; property rights of women in, 39; witchcraft persecution in, 41

Germans: in Russian Empire, 100, 177; in Soviet Union, 251

Germany, 290; divorce rate in 1920s of, 206; East, 258, 278; education in, 117–18, 129; Nazi, 229; women in labor force of, 136, 213; World War I with, 180, 184–85, 188, 189; World War II with, 236–38, 247

Ginzburg, Evgenia, 235–36, 251, 252, 264, 276

Giza-Poleszczuk, Ann, 275

Glagoleva, Olga, 81

glasnost, 277–78

glass ceiling, 262

Glickman, Rose, 136, 179

Glinskaia, Elena, 37

Godunov, Boris, 27, 50–51

Godunova, Irina, 49–50

Godunova, Maria, 49–50

Golden Horde. See Mongols Goldman, Wendy, 220

Golitsyn, Vasili, 59, 61

Gomel, 152

Goncharova, Natalia, 164, 181

Goodman of Paris, 36

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 277–79, 291, 297, 298, 301

Goricheva, Tatiana, 277

Gosplan, 212

governesses, 74, 147

Govorukhina, A., 281

Grand Duchess, defined, xxii, 324n13

grandmothers, 288

Great Britain, 187; Crimean War with, 84, 109; employment of women in, 139; enlistment of women in military of (during World War II), 238; feminism in, 110; layoffs of women after World War II in, 250; marriage law in, 79; settlement houses in, 162; university education for women in, 146–47; women’s activism in, 167–68, 172, 179; Women’s Christian Temperance Union in, 172; women in post-war labor force of, 267

Greece, 8, 53, 267

Grigoreva, Nastasia, 20

Gripenberg, Alexandra, 176

Grossmann, Vasili, 243–44

Grot, Natalia, 149–50

Guerrier Courses, 146

Gulag, 251, 254, 284, 331n35; relatives of prisoners in, 234–35, 241, 276; women in, 231–35, 251

Gullenstierna, Kersten, 59

Gurevich, Liubov, 170

gymnasia, 117–18. See also education

Hamilton, Mrs., 77

handcrafts, women in manufacture and sale of: 1492–1695, 41; 1855–1917, 116, 128, 131, 133, 142, 161; 1917–30, 204; 1953–91, 284; after 1991, 289

Hanim, Shefika, 178

Harrison, Mark, 237

Harry Potter novels, 314

healers, village, 43, 130