Barbara Clements - A History of Women in Russia

Nazi. See World War II New Economic Policy (NEP): as policy, 194; as period in Soviet history, 194–209

New Soviet Man, 221

New Soviet Woman, 221–23, 275

New York Times, The, 298, 306

Nicholas I, 94, 110, 123, 148; and Crimean War, 109; and cult of domesticity, 83, 85, 88–90, 207; family life of, 86–87; reign of, 46, 83–85, 95, 97, 111

Nicholas II: and education of women, 123; reign of, 113, 114, 158, 169–70, 172, 176, 180, 182

Night Witches, 240–41.

Nightingale, Florence, 110, 148

nihilists, 123–24

Nikitichna, 266

Nikolai Borisovich, 243, 331n57

Nizhni-Novgorod, 28; servants’ unions in, 170

NKVD, xxi, 232, 234, 235, 237, 277

Nobel Prize, 165

nobles, xxiii; 1240–1462: 16–17; 1462–1695, 25–27, 29, 30, 38; 1695–1855, 65–67, 73, 109; 1855–1914, 113; 1914–30, 183, 193, 194, 204. See also Kievan Rus: warrior-elitein ; landlords

noblewomen: 1240–1462, 17–23; 1462–1695, 25, 37–41, 49–63; 1695–1855, 64, 66–68, 78–82, 85, 88, 97, 101, 317; 1855–1914, 112, 125, 126, 145, 146, 147, 161, 317. See also Kievan Rus: warrior-elite, women in, and landlords

Norov, A. S., 117

North America, 46, 101, 284, 289; cult of domesticity in, 88, 90; women in, 261, 267

Novgorod, 5, 19; literacy of women in, 17. See also Boretskaia, Marfa

Novgorod Chronicle, 22

Novikova, Lelia, 243–44

Novikova, Maria, 235

Novikova, Polina, 139–41, 142

Novikova, Z. E., 260

Novocherkassk, higher women’s courses in, 146

Novodevichi convent, 55, 61, 62

Novodevichi Institute, 74

Novosibirsk, economists of, 279–80

Novyi mir, 269

nuns: 900–1462, 10; 1462–1695, 40–41, 50–51, 53, 54, 62; 1855–1914, 160–61, 210; 1914–30, 181, 205; 1930–53, 234. See also convents

nurses, 209; in Crimean War, 109–110; 1855–1914, 148; in World War I, 180, 184; in civil war, 193; in World War II, 238

Obshchestvinnitsa movement, 223

October Manifesto, 170

Odessa: Jewish population of, 152; women’s higher education in, 146; women’s regiments in, 184

Ogonok, 281

Old Believers: origins of, 51, 53; role of women in, 53. See also Morozova, Feodosia

Olearius, Adam, 36

Olga, Princess of Kiev: 2, 7–9, 23

On the Eve, Turgenev, 115, 123

“On the Socialization of the Land,” 191

125th Guards Bomber Regiment, 240, 241

opera, 112, 152, 155; women in, 149

Orange Revolution, 300

Oranta-Berehynia, 292

Order of the Red Banner, 242

Order of the Red Star, 240

Orlov, Grigori, 72, 76

Orlov, V. G., 102

orphanages, 131–32

Orthodox Church. See Russian Orthodox Church

Ostroumova-Lebedeva, Anna, 244

Otrepev, Grigori, 50

Ottoman Empire, 84, 109; government of and gender values in, 65; women’s property rights in, 39

Our House, 303

Oushakine, Sergei, 293

Oxford University, 146–47

paid-labor force, women in, xv–xvi; 1855–1914, 134–39, 146–49; 1930–53, 213, 217, 245, 250; 1953–91, 261–62, 267, 271, 317–18; after 1991, 287–90, 311. See also industrial labor force, women in

Panaeva, Avdotia, 115

papermaking, 136

parenting. See fatherhood, ideals of; motherhood ideals of

Paris, 5, 69, 165, 281

partisans in World War II, 239–40

party. See Bolshevik party; Communist Party of the Soviet Union Pasternak, Josef, 290

patriarchy. See gender values and norms in Russian history

Paul I, Emperor, 72, 83, 86

Pavlova, Anna, 163

Pavlova, Karolina, 96

Pavlovsk, 86

peasant commune: defined, xxi; during serfdom, 100; after Emancipation, 113, 127; in socialist thought, 125

peasants, xvi; 900–1462, 3–4, 17; 1462–1695, 28–29, 35, 46, 49, 56, 316; 1695–1855, 73, 84, 89, 108–109; 1855–1914, 112, 113, 123, 125, 126–27, 147, 156, 170, 171; 1914–30, 182, 194, 207; 1930–53, 213–14, 231, 239; 1953–91, 254, 270, 275; after 1991, 288, 310. See also collective farms; peasant commune; peasant women; serfdom

peasant women: 900–1462, 3–4, 17, 23, 316, 317; 1462–1695, 25, 28–29, 43–45, 56; 1695–1855, 97, 101–102, 103–107, 317; 1855–1914, 112–13, 117, 127–34, 136, 147, 151, 155, 156, 160, 167, 170, 171, 172, 318; during World War I, 180, 190; in 1917, 183; during civil war, 192, 193; in NEP, 199, 203–204, 208; 1930–53, 214–18, 231, 234, 246, 247; 1953–91, 261, 270–72; after 1991, 288, 300, 310. See also property rights of women

Pechenegs, 3

People’s Will, 125

perestroika, 278, 291

Perovskaia, Sophia, 125, 126

Perun, 12

Peter I, the Great, xxii, 26, 108, 324n4; early life of, 58, 60, 62–63; and gender ideals, xv, 64, 65–68, 87, 90, 207, 221; reforms of, 65–66, 68, 69, 75, 79, 317

Peter II, 68

Peter III, 70, 72

Petkevich, Tamara, 233

Petrograd, 193, 329n38, 329n56; women in (1917–21), 158, 182, 183, 187, 188. See also Leningrad; St. Petersburg pharmacists, 148

philanthropy, women in: 1695–1855: 93–95, 108; 1855–1914, 116, 145, 154, 159, 161–62, 168, 171, 176; 1953–91, 284

physicians. See doctors

piece work, 142

pilgrimages, 56

Pimin, Catholic monk, 21

Pinsk, 289, 309

Pirogov, Nikolai, 110

Pittsburgh, 137

poets, 61, 115; female, 64, 75, 95, 96, 149, 163, 264, 276, 301; and images of women, 83, 86, 87, 88, 96, 126; women as readers of, 93, 95

Pokrovskaia, Maria, 164, 173, 184, 198

Pokrovskii Convent, 40

Poland, 50, 58, 70, 72, 73, 278; annexation of, 108; emancipation in, 127; serfdom in, 97

Poland, women in: 1695–1855, 85, 108–109; 1855–1914, 132, 152, 153–54, 165, 177; 1953–91, 258, 276

Poles, xiii, 45, 97, 153, 154

Poliakova, A. M., 222

Poliakova, Evdokia, 193–94

Polianskaia, Elizaveta, 72

Polikarp, 11

Polish Rebellion: of 1830–31, 109; of 1863–64, 123, 153

Politkovskaia, Anna, 301, 302, 303, 306

Polotskii, Simeon, 58

Polovotsy, 3

Poltinka, 25

polygamy, 200

pomeste, 38–39, 79

Poniatowski, Stanislaw, 72

poor relief, women’s work in: 1855– 1914, 116; after 1991, 295. See also philanthropy, women in

Popkova, Liudmila, 290

Popova, Liubov, 164

Popular Front of Azerbaijan, 284

populists, 124–26

pornography, 289

Posadskaia, Anastasia, 283, 291

post-Soviet period of Russian history: economic consequences for women, 286–88, 295; general history of, 286; women’s attitudes toward, 309–12; women’s work in, 288–90. See also activism of women; gender values and norms in Russian history

Po-2 fighter plane, 241, 242

POWs, 242, 251

Praskovia, tsaritsa, wife of Ivan V, 67

Pravda, 180, 221

press operating, 213

priests. See Russian Orthodox church, clergy of

Primary Chronicle, The, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, 11

printers, 142, 150; women as, 170

private plots, 216, 288

Prix Bordin, 165

professional societies: 1855–1914, 114, 169, 171, 173; women in (after 1991), 304

professions, women in. See specific professions

progymnasia, 117

Prokofieva, Valya, 266

Prokofii, son of Avvakum, 52

property rights of women, xxv; 900–1462, 5, 12–13, 18, 19–20, 23; 1462–1695, 38–39; 1695–1855, 64, 79–80, 101; 1855–1914, 128, 145, 175, 176; 1914–30, 191, 203, 207

prostitution: 1855–1914, 143–44, 162, 164, 171, 172, 173; 1914–30, 197, 206, 207, 208; 1930–53, 233, 244; after 1991, 289–90, 310–11