Simon Dixon - Catherine the Great

6. L. Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (New Haven, CT, 1998), 211–2.

7. Sochineniia , xii: 79; A. G. Cross, ‘The English Embankment’, in St Petersburg, 1703–1825 , ed. Cross (Basingstoke, 2003), 65.

8. I. S. B., ‘K istorii postroiki S.-Peterburgskago Troitskago Sobora’, RS , Nov. 1911, 426.

9. Iu. N. Bespiatykh, Peterburg Anny Ioannovny v inostrannykh opisaniiakh (SPb, 1997), 175.

10. M. di Salvo, ‘A Venice of the North? Italian Views of St Petersburg’, in St Petersburg , ed. Cross, 73–4.

11. Letters from Count Algarotti to Lord Harvey and the Marquis Scipio Maffei (Glasgow, 1770), 50.

12. J. Cook, Voyages and Travels through the Russian Empire, Tartary, and Part of the Kingdom of Persia , 2 vols. (Edinburgh 1770), i: 96–7.

13. The incident led to a general preoccupation with fire: see PSZ , x: 7270, 7275, 7290, 7295.

14. Bespiatykh, Peterburg Anny Ioannovny , 72, n. 22.

15. W. B. Lincoln, Sunlight at Midnight: St Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Russia (Oxford, 2001), 33–4.

16. M. V. Lomonosov, Polnoe sobranie s ochinenii , 9 vols. (M, 1950–55).

17. G. Kaganov, Images of Space: St. Petersburg in the Visual and Verbal Arts, trans. S. Monas (Stanford, CA, 1997), 19–22, 26–8.

18. Lincoln, Sunlight at Midnight , 38.

19. G. Z. Kaganov, Peterburg v kontekste barokko (SPb, 2002).

20. SIRIO, vii: 20.

21. Cook, Voyages and Travels , i: 446–8.

22. Sochineniia , xii: 37–8.

23. For the premises on the Fontanka, extended in 1741, see Vnutrennii byt Russkago gosudarstva s 17 oktiabria 1740 goda po 25-e noiabria 1741 goda (M, 1880), i: 326–41. Anna decreed an annual fodder budget of 2369r. 71k. on 6 July 1737 (p. 327).

24. Sochineniia , xii: 118; A. Orloff and D. Shvidkovsky, St Petersburg: Architecture of the Tsars (New York, 1996), 266–7.

25. Storch, 68–9.

26. I. Iakovkin, Opisanie sela tsarskago (SPb, 1830), 118–9; KfZh (1795), 175, 10 Feb.; appendix ii: 121, 132 (grants of 200 and 947 roubles for the residents of the Okhta district). Storch, 419–20, suggests that by then, the well-born had largely abandoned the pastime as too dangerous. The location of earlier ice hills is unknown.

27. KfZh (1744), 3–6.

28. PSZ , xii: 8851, 9 Jan. 1744.

29. SIRIO , vii: 22–3; Sochineniia , xii: 39; E. A. Zitser, The Transfigured Kingdom: Sacred Parody and Charismatic Authority at the Court of Peter the Great (Ithaca, NY, 2004), 52–5.

30. Coxe, i: 269–70 (visiting in 1778).

31. PSZ , xii: 8882, 29 Feb. 1744.

32. O. S. Evangulova, Dvortsovo-parkovye ansambli Moskvy: pervoi poloviny XVIII veka (M, 1969), 44–84, 12–24.

33. SIRIO , vii: 25; Sochineniia , xii: 40.

34. Sochineniia , xii: 530.

35. SIRIO , vii: 25–7.

36. Sochineniia , xii: 41.

37. E. V. Anisimov, Rossiia v seredine XVIII veka: Bor’ba za nasledie Petra (M, 1986), 183–6; idem , Elizaveta Petrovna (M, 1999), 189–204 (192, Saxon envoy).

38. G. Marker, Imperial Saint: The Cult of St. Catherine and the Dawn of Female Rule in Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2007), 140.

39. Despatches , ii: 223, Buckinghamshire to Countess of Suffolk, 14 Feb. 1763.

40. Sochineniia , xii: 42. KfZh (1744), 7–11, gives 3–8 Mar. as the dates of the pilgrimage. The dates given in C’s memoirs are notoriously unreliable.

41. D. Willemse, Antonio Nunes Ribeiro Sanches, elève de Boerhaave, et son importance pour la Russie (Leiden, 1966).

42. Sochineniia , xii: (43), 203–4; Bil’basov, i: 90–1; Alexander, 81.

43. PCFG , iii: 94, Frederick to Johanna Elisabeth, 14 Apr. 1744 NS, and subsequent letters to his ambassador, Baron Mardefeld.

44. KfZh (1744), 34–6; Bil’basov, i: 95–7; Sochineniia , xii: 43, 95, 205.

45. Shortly after the dinner, General Johann-Ludwig Lübras von Pott, the newly appointed Russian ambassador to Sweden, demonstrated his allegiance by travelling to Stockholm via Potsdam, where he reassured Frederick that there was no prospect of another revolution in Russia: Sochineniia , xii: 37; PCFG , iii: 200, Frederick to Mardefeld, 3 July 1744 NS.

46. PCFG , iii: 48, Frederick to Johanna Elisabeth, 29 Feb. 1744 NS; ibid., 118, Frederick to Mardefeld, 1744.

47. PCFG , iii: 169, Frederick to Mardefeld, 4 June 1744 NS; Sochineniia , xii: 46–8; Anisimov, Rossiia v seredine XVIII veka , 86–7, 95–6. For a detailed guide to the diplomacy of these years, see F.-D. Lishtenan, Rossiia vkhodit v Evropu (M, 2000).

48. P. I. Khoteev, Kniga v Rossii v seredine XVIII v.: Chastnye knizhnye sobraniia (Leningrad, 1989), 45–6.

49. Bil’basov, i: 113–9; SIRIO , vii: 4, C. to Christian August, 3 May 1744. In her memoirs, she claimed that Pastor Wagner had taught her that she was free to choose her confession until the time of her first communion: Sochineniia , xii: 45–6.

50. A. P. Sumarokov, ‘O pravopisanie’, in Polnoe sobranie vsekh sochinenii , 2nd ed. (M, 1787), x: 24.

51. Sochineniia , xii: 48–9. On Adodurov, see A. M. Panchenko, et al, Slovar’ russkikh pisatelei XVIII veka (Leningrad, 1988), vol. 1 (A-I), 21–3.

52. Bil’basov, i: 58, n. 1; PCFG , ii: 488, Frederick to Mardefeld, 16 Dec. 1743 NS.

53. KfZh (1744), 56–9; Sochineniia , xii: 49; Bil’basov, i: 119–21.

54. Bil’basov, i: 121–4.

55. KfZh (1744), 59–67.

56. PCFG , iii: 239, Frederick to C., 5 Aug. 1744 NS.

57. For the peace celebrations on 15–17 July, see KfZh (1744), 69–86.

58. On mileposts, PSZ , xii: 9016, 16 Aug. 1744; 9073, 27 Nov.; 9092, 17 Dec.

59. Sochineniia , xii: 53–4.

60. M. Berlinskii, Kratkoe opisanie Kieva (SPb, 1820), 39–41.

61. Sochineniia , xii: 53. C. was then developing an interest in the Gothic, which here seems to mean simply ‘medieval’.

62. Sochineniia , xii: 55–6.

63. For its construction, see Starikova, doc. 519, pp. 551–86.

64. The phrase ‘theatres of piety’ is John Adamson’s: see ‘Making of the ancien-regime Court’, in Princely Courts of Europe , ed. Adamson, 24–7.

65. S. Dixon, ‘Religious Ritual at the Russian Court’, in Monarchy and Religion: The Transformation of Royal Culture in Eighteenth-Century Europe , ed. M. Schaich (Oxford, 2007), 229–30.

66. KfZh (1744), 91–3, 103–12.

67. On 15 Dec.: KfZh (1744), 24.

68. Bespiatykh, Peterburg Anny Ioannovny , 140 (C. R. Berch).

69. Starikova, doc. 265 (servants’ accommodation); docs 970–6 (merry-go-round).

70. Sochineniia , xii: 214

71. KfZh (1745), 1, 153–4.

72. Bil’basov, i: 145, n. 2; Sochineniia , xii: 213 (216).

73. KfZh (1745), 2–10.

74. P. Keenan, ‘Creating a “public” in St Petersburg, 1703–1761’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 2005, 107–9.

75. KfZh (1744), 1 and passim , refers to him throughout as Prince August.

76. Sochineniia , xii: 218; Keenan, ‘Creating a “public”’, 108.

77. For French celebrations, see e.g. the earlier Description des festes données par la ville de Paris: à l’occasion du mariage de madame Louise-Elisabeth de France, de dom Philippe, infant & grand amiral d’Espagne, les vingt-neuviéme & trentiéme août mil sept cent trente-neuf (Paris, 1740).