Simon Dixon - Catherine the Great

PKNO : Pamiatniki kul’tury: novye otkrytiia.

Parkinson: John Parkinson, A Tour of Russia, Siberia, and the Crimea 1792–1794 , ed. W. Collier (London, 1971).

PSZ : Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii , 1st series, 46 vols. (SPb, 1830). Poroshin: S.A. Poroshin, ‘Zapiski’, in Russkii Gamlet , ed. A. Skorobogatov (M, 2004).

Proschwitz: Catherine II et Gustav III: Une correspondence retrouvée, ed. Gunnar von Proschwitz (Stockholm, 1998).

Quarenghi: Giacomo Quarenghi, Architetto a Pietroburgo: Lettere e altri scritti , ed. Vanni Zanella (Venice, 1988).

Richardson: [William Richardson], Anecdotes of the Russian Empire. In a series of letters written, a few years ago, from St Petersburg (London, 1784).

RA: Russkii arkhiv

RBS: Russkii biograficheskii slovar’

RS: Russkaia starina

SK: Svodyni katalog russkoi grazhdanskoi pechati XVIII veka, 1725–1800 , 5 vols. (M, 1962–7).

Shcherbatov: Prince M. M. Shcherbatov, On the Corruption of Morals in Russia , trans. and ed. Antony Lentin (Cambridge, 1969).

Ségur: Memoirs and Recollections of Count Segur, Ambassador from France to the Courts of Russia and Prussia &c. &c. Written by himself, 3 vols. (London, 1825–27).

SEER: Slavonic and East European Review.

SIRIO : Sbornik Imperatorskago Russkago Istoricheskago Obshchestva , 148 vols. (SPb, 1867–1916).

Sochineniia : Sochineniia Imperatritsy Ekateriny II, ed. A. N. Pypin, vols. 1–5, 7–12 (SPb, 1901–07).

SPb: St Petersburg

Shtelin, Muzyka : Iakob Shtelin, Muzyka i balet v Rossii XVIII veka (SPb, 2002).

Shtelin, Zapiski : ‘Zapiski Shtelina o Petre Tret’em, Imperatore Vserossiiskom’, ChIOIDR , 1866, bk 4, 67–118.

Starikova: Teatral’naia zhizn’ Rossii v epokhu Elizavety Petrovny: Dokumental’naia khronika 1741–1750 , 2 parts (M, 2003–05).

Stedingk: Un ambassadeur de Suède à la cour de Catherine II. Feld-Maréchal Comte de Stedingk: Choix de dépèches diplomatiques, rapports secrets et letters particulières de 1790 à 1796 , ed. La Comtesse Brevern de la Gardie, 2 vols. (Stockholm, 1919).

Storch: The Picture of Petersburgh , from the German of Henry Storch (London, 1801).

Tooke: [William Tooke], The Life of Catharine II. Empress of Russia , An enlarged translation from the French, 3 vols. (London, 1798).

Zapiski Shtelina : Zapiski Iakoba Shtelina ob iziashchnykh iskusstvakh v Rossii , ed. K. V. Malinovskii, 2 vols. (M, 1990).

Zavadovskii: ‘Pis’ma grafa P. V. Zavadovskago k fel’dmarshalu grafu P. A. Rumiantsevu’, Starina i novizna , vol. 4 (1901), 223–382.

Zimmerman: M. Semevskii, ed., ‘Imperatritsa Ekaterina II v eia neizdannykh ne vpolne pis’makh k I.G. Tsimmermannu’, RS , 55, 3 (1887), 239–79.

1. The Military, Historical and Political Memories of the Count de Hordt , 2 vols. (London, 1805–6), ii: 72. On the new capital’s bells, see I. A. Chudinova, Penie, zvony, ritual: Topografiia tserkovnomuzykal’noi kul’tury Peterburga (SPb, 1994), 26–36.

2. I. A. Chudinova, ‘Kolokol’nye zvony’, MP , ii: 75; W. F. Ryan, The Bathhouse at Midnight: An historical survey of magic and divination in Russia (Stroud, 1999), 240–1.

3. E. V. Williams, The Bells of Russia: History and Technology (Princeton, NJ, 1985), 148–65; J. M. R. Lenz, Moskauer Schriften und Briefe , ed. H. Tommek, 2 vols. (Berlin, 2007), Textband, 35, 460–6, reviewed by R. Bartlett in SGECRN , 37 (2007). The cracked bell is now a major tourist attraction in the Kremlin.

4. Williams, Bells of Russia , 166, translation marginally amended.

5. Opisanie , 58.

6. Opisanie , 51, 56; E. Clarke (1800), quoted in Williams, Bells of Russia , 166–7. Slizov’s bell smashed to the ground during the Napoleonic invasion of 1812.

7. ‘Zamechatel’nye liudi iz russkago belago dukhovenstva v XVIII stoletiia’, Strannik , Feb. 1897, 261–2.

8. SIRIO , vii: 121; Bil’basov, ii: 145, n. 3.

9. KfZh (1745), 62. The others were Count Ivan Chernyshëv, Count Sergei Iaguzhinskii, Peter Naryshkin, Mikhail Budlianskoi, Count Peter Buturlin and Count Andrei Shuvalov: Opisanie , 68.

10. Opisanie , 51–2.

11. R. Wortman, ‘The Russian Coronation: Rite and Representation’, The Court Historian , 9 (2004), 23.

12. Opisanie , 29–36.

13. Giving no source, Montefiore, 52, puts Potëmkin at the coronation, though he was too junior to be mentioned by name in Opisanie .

14. M. A. Alekseeva, Mikhailo Makhaev: master vidovogo risunka XVIII veka (SPb, 2003), 185–6.

15. Quoted in D. Beales, Joseph II, vol. 1: In the shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741–1780 (Cambridge, 1987), 435.

16. Coxe, i: 264.

17. On Moscow in this period, see J. T. Alexander, Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster (Baltimore, MD, 1980), ch. 2, esp. 70–1.

18. Opisanie , 13.

19. Coxe, i: 265.

20. Opisanie , 252–86, lists more than 200 members of the commission and their responsibilities. The architects included Prince Dmitrii Ukhtomskii and Matvei Kazakov, ibid., 258–62.

21. RA , 1870, nos. 4–5, 748, C. to I. I. Melissino, 8 Nov. 1765, enclosing a petition from Antropov; Opisanie , 255. On earlier triumphal arches, see E. A. Tiukhmeneva, Iskusstvo triumfal’nykh vrat v Rossii pervoi poloviny XVIII veka (M, 2005).

22. Opisanie , 26–35. N. A. Ogarkova, Tseremonii, prazdnestva, muzyka russkogo dvora XVIII-nachalo XIX veka (SPb, 2004), 264–6, reprints the chant with musical notation.

23. RA , 1884, no. 2, 253, C. to I. I. Nepliuev, 16 Sept. 1762.

24. Despatches , i: 73, Buckinghamshire to Grenville, 24 Sept. 1762 NS.

25. Bil’basov, ii: 148; Alexander, 63–5; G. L. Freeze, ‘Subversive piety: religion and political crisis in late imperial Russia’, Journal of Modern History , 68 (1996), 324–5.

26. Opisanie , 50–1.

27. Ibid., 228–33.

28. Ogarkova, Tseremonii , 19–20, 191, n. 23.

29. For the walkway, missing from de Veilly’s illustrations, see Opisanie , 49–50, 182.

30. Ibid., 58–9. I. L. Buseva-Davydova, Khramy Moskovskogo Kremlia: sviatyni i drevnosti (Moscow, 1997), 38, mistakenly suggests that the west door was used for coronations.

31. Cross, 41, 70–1.

32. Opisanie , 59–67.

33. Ibid., 67–9.

34. On canopies in Western Europe, see J. Adamson, ‘The making of the ancien-régime Court, 1500–1700’, in Adamson, ed., The Princely Courts of Europe, 1500–1700 (London, 1999), 29.

35. Despatches , i: 100, undated ‘Russian Memoranda’, probably 1763–4.

36. KfZh (1753), 20–5, 25 Apr. On this occasion, no alterations were made to the interior of the cathedral.

37. Sochineniia , xii: 323.

38. Sochineniia , xii: 641–2, ‘Réflexions sur Pétersbourg et sur Moscou’.

39. Wortman, ‘The Russian Coronation’, 21, 31.

40. Pis’ma gosudaryni imperatritsy Ekateriny Velikoi k Feld’marshalu grafu P.S. Saltykovu (M, 1886), 9, 29 June 1762, ‘the day after our accession to the throne’.

41. Annual Register, July 1762, quoted by J. T. Alexander, ‘Catherine II’s efforts at liberalization and their aftermath’, in R. O. Crummey, ed., Reform in Russia and the USSR (Urbana, IL, 1989), 73.