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Simon Dixon - Catherine the Great

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Название:
Catherine the Great
Автор:
Simon Dixon
Издательство:
HarperCollins
Жанр:
История / на английском языке
Год:
2009
Город:
New York
ISBN:
978-0-06-187179-5
Рейтинг книги:
3 / 5. Голосов: 1
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Catherine the Great: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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In 1745 a little-known German princess named Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst married the nephew of Empress Elizabeth of Russia. Seventeen years later she overthrew her husband to become Catherine the Great, one of the most celebrated monarchs in history, turning eighteenth-century Russia into arguably the largest and most powerful state since the fall of the Roman Empire.
Admired for her achievements and satirized for her personal life, she wrote the most revealing memoirs by any European ruler. She promoted radical political ideas and emphasized moderation in government. Ruthless when necessary, she charmed everyone she met, joking at private dinner parties in the Hermitage, which she had built for her own use. Determined to endear herself to the Russians, she made religious devotions in which she never believed.
Intimate and revealing, Simon Dixon’s new biography examines the lifelong friendships that sustained the empress throughout her personal life, and places her within the context of the royal court: its politics, its flourishing literature, and the very culture that became central to her exercise of absolute power.

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78. Starikova, doc. 754.

79. PSZ , xii: 9123–4, 16 Mar. 1745.

80. Sochineniia , xii: 227, 63, 67.

81. KfZh (1745), 27 (9 May); 29–32.

82. KfZh (1745), 39–42 (39); 43.

83. KfZh (1745), 36–7.

84. See, in particular, PSZ , xii: 9136–40; 9144–7; 9149; 9154–6; 9174.

85. Bil’basov, i: 164, n. 1, 166, 168.

86. KfZh (1745), 187, 51.

87. KfZh (1745), 51; SIRIO, cii: 320, Hyndford to Harrington, 20 Aug. 1745.

88. Bil’basov, i: 167–70.

89. Sochineniia , xii: 67.

90. Sochineniia , xii: 68.

91. My account of the wedding celebrations relies on KfZh (1745), 52–92 (52–60), and on Santi’s order of ceremonies, ibid., 187–222 (195).

92. Poroshin, 24, 1 Oct. 1764. Naryshkin’s empty landau was between Prince Aleksei Golitsyn and Count Efim Raguzinskii in the procession; Panin’s carriage, also empty, was further forward: KfZh (1745), 55. See 194, 223–9, for an indicative list of the empty carriages.

93. L. Kirillova, Moskovskii Kreml’: Starinnye ekipazhi (M, 1999), 10, 17 and passim .

94. SIRIO , vii: 50–2. See also KfZh (1745), 200.

95. KfZh (1745), 193.

96. SIRIO , cii: 321, Hyndford to Harrington, 24 Aug. 1745.

97. Chudinova, Penie , 33; KfZh (1737), 22–3, 32; victory days listed at PSZ , ix: 6832, 29 Oct. 1735.

98. KfZh (1745), 187–8.

99. SIRIO , vii: 53–4; Sochineniia , xii: 68; Bil’basov, i: 171–2.

100. KfZh (1745), 62; Sochineniia , xii: 69.

101. KfZh (1745), 64–70.

102. Quoted by N. V. Sipovskaia, ‘Obedy “k sluchaiu”: Nastol’nye ukrasheniia XVIII veka’, in Razvlekatel’naia kul’tura Rossii XVIII—XIX vv. , ed. E. V. Dukov (SPb, 2000), 161–2. KfZh (1745), 69, claimed 10,000 candles.

103. SIRIO , vii: 64; KfZh (1745), 77–8, 80; Sochineniia , xii: 73–4.

104. S. Sadie, ed., The New Grove Dictionary of Opera (London, 1992), iv: 269–70; MP , i: 144–6 (Bonecchi); Starikova, doc. 32 (programme and synopsis); Mooser, i: 219–20; KfZh (1745), 75.

105. Zapiski Shtelina , i: 248; Rovinskii, Obozrenie ikonopisaniia , 237–8.

106. The impressive analysis of C’s approach to sexuality in Greenleaf, ‘Performing Autobiography’ may well exaggerate the empress’s literary sophistication.

107. Sochineniia , xii: 66.

108. Sochineniia , xii: 69.

109. Sochineniia , xii: 80, 82.

110. G. V. Kalashnikov, ‘Zametki ob obrazovanii budushchego imperatora Petra III’, Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik za 2003 goda (M, 2004), 131–48 (135).

111. Rulhière, 19–20.

112. Sochineniia , xii: 199.

113. O. A. Ivanov, Ekaterina II i Petr III: istoriia tragicheskogo konflikta (M, 2007), more inclined to take C.’s memoirs at face value, offers an exhaustive comparison of the passages on Peter.

114. Kalashnikov, ‘Zametki’, 144.

115. Shtelin, Zapiski , 74–5, 79.

Chapter 3

1. Sochineniia , XII: 236.

2. Bil’basov, i: 219–22, 227–8.

3. P. F. Karabanov, ‘Stats-damy i freiliny russkago dvora XVIII v.’, RS , 2 (1870), 445–6.

4. Sochineniia , xii: 84–5, 89, 91.

5. Sochineniia , xii: 245.

6. Sochineniia , xii: 245–6.

7. Sochineniia , xii: 243–4.

8. Sochineniia , xii: 27.

9. Sochineniia , xii: 215, 60–1.

10. Sochineniia , xii: 329.

11. Khoteev, Kniga v Rossii v seredine XVIII v., 7–9.

12. Sochineniia , xii: 532.

13. J. Hardman, Louis XVI (New Haven, CT, 1993), vii.

14. PSZ , xii: 9276, 10 Apr. 1746; N. Rozanov, Istoriia Moskovskago Eparkhial’nago Upravleniia so vremeni uchrezhdenii Sv. Sinoda , 1721–1821 (M, 1869), ii: 1, 153, 159, n. 370.

15. PSZ , xii: 9286, 15 May 1746; xiii: 9860, 11 June 1751.

16. J. McManners, Death and the Enlightenment (Oxford, 1981), 302.

17. Sochineniia , xii: 232–5.

18. P. Salvadori, La chasse sous l’ancien régime (Paris, 1996), 207; Kutepov, Tsarskaia okhota , 30.

19. Kutepov, Tsarskaia okhota , 64; KfZh (1751), 92–5; PSZ , xiii: 9903, 3 Nov. 1751.

20. Sochineniia , xii: 117.

21. Wortman, Scenarios , 107.

22. AKV , xxxiv: appendix, n.p, undated. A flask ( shtof ) measured 1.23 litres.

23. Mrs Vigor, Letters from a lady, who resided some years in Russia, to her friend in England (London, 1775), 73. See also Bespiatykh, Peterburg Anny Ioannovny , 145 (C. R. Berch).

24. C. von Manstein, Memoirs of Russia, historical, political and military, from the year M DCC XXVII, to M DCC XLIV (London, 1770), 248.

25. S. Panchulidzev, Istoriia Kavalergardov 1724–1799—1899 , 4 vols. (SPb, 1899), i: 254–68, at p. 260.

26. Decree of 5 May 1758, quoted in N. Findeizen, History of Music in Russia from Antiquity to 1800, 2: The Eighteenth Century , trans. S. W. Pring, eds. M. Velimirovií and C. R. Jensen (Bloomington, IN, 2008), 30.

27. SIRIO , ciii: 552, Hyndford to Chesterfield, 23 Feb. 1748.

28. Anisimov, Elizaveta Petrovna , 132–3, notes a tradition dating back to the empress’s contemporaries.

29. C. Koslofsky, ‘Princes of Darkness: The Night at Court, 1650–1750’, Journal of Modern History , 79, 2 (2007), 236, 244, 251ff., 258ff.

30. See Zitser, Transfigured Kingdom , passim.

31. Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great , 267–9; P. Keenan, ‘The Function of Fashion: Women and Clothing at the Russian Court (1700–1762)’, in Women in Russian Culture and Society, 1700–1825 , eds. W. Rosslyn and A. Tosi (Basingstoke, 2007), 127–9.

32. Manstein, Memoirs , 319.

33. Manstein, Memoirs , 248–9.

34. Vigor, Letters , 75.

35. Keenan, ‘The Function of Fashion’, 132–3.

36. Bil’basov, i: 166, n. 2.

37. C. M. Foust, Muscovite and Mandarin: Russia’s trade with China and its setting, 1727–1805 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1969), 105–63 (esp. 139–41), 357; ‘Kitaiskie tovary v Rossii XVIII v.’, Istoricheskii arkhiv , 2006:4, 197–200.

38. SIRIO , cxlviii: 104, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 17/28 July 1750.

39. P. Mansel, Dressed to Rule: Royal and Court Costume from Louis XIV to Elizabeth II (New Haven, CT, 2005), xiii—xiv and passim .

40. Sbornik Biografii Kavalergardov 1724–1762 , ed. S. Panchulidzev (SPb, 1901), 342 (I. I. Babaev); Benois, Tsarskoe Selo , 31.

41. Manstein, Memoirs , 248.

42. Sochineniia , xii: 211; Russkii pridvornyi kostium ot Petra I do Nikolaia II iz sobraniia Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha Sankt-Peterburg (M, 1999), 28–31.

43. N. Iu. Bolotina, ‘Zhenshchiny roda Vorontsovykh v povsednevnoi zhizni imperatorskogo dvora XVIII v.’, in E.R. Dashkova i zolotoi vek Ekateriny , ed. L. Tychinina (M, 2006), 142, 150–3.

44. Sochineniia , xii: 301, 211–2, 252–4.

45. For comparisons, see Duindam, Vienna and Versailles , ch. 3.

46. KfZh (1748), suppl., 120–32, 149 (these figures are almost certainly underestimates); K. Pisarenko, Povsednevnaia zhizn’ russkogo dvora v tsarstvovanie Elizavety Petrovny (M, 2003), 47–64, esp. 49, 59–60. On titles, see O. G. Ageeva, Evropeizatsiia russkogo dvora 1700–1796 gg. (M, 2006), 81–96.