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Robert Service - Spies and Commissars

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Название:
Spies and Commissars
Автор:
Robert Service
Издательство:
Macmillan
Жанр:
История / на английском языке
Год:
2011
Город:
London
ISBN:
978-0-230-76095-0
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3 / 5. Голосов: 1
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The early years of Bolshevik rule were marked by dynamic interaction between Russia and the West. These years of civil war in Russia were years when the West strove to understand the new communist regime while also seeking to undermine it.
Meanwhile, the Bolsheviks tried to spread their revolution across Europe at the same time they were seeking trade agreements that might revive their collapsing economy. This book tells the story of these complex interactions in detail, revealing that revolutionary Russia was shaped not only by Lenin and Trotsky, but by an extraordinary miscellany of people: spies and commissars, certainly, but also diplomats, reporters, and dissidents, as well as intellectuals, opportunistic businessmen, and casual travelers.
This is the story of these characters: everyone from the ineffectual but perfectly positioned Somerset Maugham to vain writers and revolutionary sympathizers whose love affairs were as dangerous as their politics. Through this sharply observed exposé of conflicting loyalties, we get a very vivid sense of how diverse the shades of Western and Eastern political opinion were during these years

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20. R. H. Bruce Lockhart to A. J. Balfour, 7 November 1918, pp. 2–4: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 12.

21. Ibid. , p. 3.

22. Ya. Peters, ‘Protokol pokazanii Ksenofontova Kalamatiano, on zhe Serpovskii’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , pp. 513 and 515.

23. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 243.

24. Ibid ., p. 245.

25. Ya. Peters, ‘Delo Lokkarta’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 510.

26. R. B. Spence, ‘The Tragic Fate of Kalamatiano’, p. 353.

27. A. Cook, On His Majesty’s Secret Service: Sidney Reilly — Codename ST1 , p. 151.

28. R. B. Spence, ‘The Tragic Fate of Kalamatiano’, p. 353.

29. Report on conversation with DeWitt Poole by UK ambassador to Norway Sir Mansfeldt Findlay to the UK Foreign Office: in A. Cook, On His Majesty’s Secret Service: Sidney Reilly — Codename ST1 , p. 152.

30. R. B. Spence, ‘The Tragic Fate of Kalamatiano’, p. 355.

31. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919 , vol. 2, p. 216.

32. Manchester Guardian , 12 September 1918; M. Findlay report (Christiania), 17 September 1918, based on a Dutch diplomatic dispatch: Milner Papers, dep. 365, fol. 237.

33. M. Findlay report (Christiania), 17 September 1918, based on a Dutch diplomatic dispatch: Milner Papers, dep. 365, fols 226–7 and 230; R. Vaucher, L’Enfer bolchévik à Petrograd sous la commune et la terreur rouge , pp. 414–15.

34. P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 35, folder 10.

35. Maxim Litvinov, untitled memoir fragment on 1920: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 9, folder 10, pp. 30–1.

36. Manchester Guardian , 6 September 1918.

37. MI1a: S.F. 401/2/2: Message to British Foreign Office about information received from the Dutch government, 18 September 1918. My thanks to Andrew Cook for sharing this document with me.

38. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, ‘Notebooks, 1938–1945’: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers, box 4.

39. The Diaries of Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915–1938 , p. 46.

40. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Friends, Foes and Foreigners , p. 279.

41. Ibid .

42. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent, Being an Account of the Author’s Early Life in Many Lands and of his Official Mission to Moscow in 1918 , pp. 339–40.

50. The Times , 18 October 1918.

44. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, notes for Cities and Men , p. 2: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), p. 2; M. Findlay report (Christiania), 17 September 1918, based on a Dutch diplomatic dispatch: Milner Papers, dep. 365, fol. 233.

45. MI1a: S.F. 401/2/2: Message to British Foreign Office about information received from the Dutch, 18 September 1918.

46. I. Litvinov, autobiographical fragment on 1917–1918: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 11, folder 7.

47. I. Litvinov, untitled memoir fragment on 1920: ibid ., box 9, folder 10, p. 31.

48. The Times , 26 September 1918.

49. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , pp. 11 and 258.

50. Ibid ., p. 25.

51. The Times , 18 October 1918; Le Figaro , 11 October 1918.

52. L. Naudeau, En prison sous la terreur russe , pp. 127–30.

53. Ya. Peters, ‘Delo Lokkarta’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 510.

54. L. Naudeau, En prison sous la terreur russe , p. 117.

55. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Friends, Foes and Foreigners , p. 274.

56. M. Benckendorff to R. H. Bruce Lockhart, n.d., p. 2: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 1, folder 22.

57. R. H. Bruce Lockhart to Moura Benckendorff, 2 November 1918, pp. 1–2: ibid ., box 1, folder 22.

58. M. Benckendorff to R. H. Bruce Lockhart, n.d. (late 1918?), pp. 1–2: ibid.

59. Moura Benckendorff to R. H. Bruce Lockhart, n.d. (summer 1919?): ibid. , folder 20.

60. Pravda , 15 November 1918.

61. Handwritten report on the second day of the trial, p. 1; no named author: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 1, folder 11.

62. Ibid.

63. ‘Protokol zasedaniya Revolyutsionnogo tribunala pri VTsIK’: 25 November 1918, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 549.

64. ‘Protokol zasedaniya Revolyutsionnogo tribunala pri VTsIK’: 28 November 1918, ibid ., pp. 553–4.

65. Handwritten report on the second day of the trial, pp. 1–2; no named author: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 1, folder 11. See also Le Figaro , 11 February 1919.

66. Pravda , 4 December 1918.

67. R. B. Spence, ‘The Tragic Fate of Kalamatiano’, p. 356.

16. The German Capitulation

1. Kh. Rakovski, ‘Avtobiografiya’ (HIA), p. 9; RGASPI, f. 17, op. 84, d. 1, p. 1, reproduced in I. Linder and S. Churkin (eds), Krasnaya pautina: tainy razvedki Kominterna, 1919–1943 , p. 24.

2. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , vol. 50, p. 186.

3. Pravda , 7 September 1918.

4. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, Krasnaya nov’ , no. 10 (1926), p. 140.

5. G. V. Chicherin, Vneshnyaya politika Sovetskoi Rossii za dva goda , p. 22.

6. M. J. Larsons, ‘Dans le labyrinthe des Soviets’, p. 39: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA).

7. I. Maisky, Journey into the Past , p. 37. Maiski saw him at the Communist Club at 107 Charlotte Street, London WC1 in 1913.

8. H. Strachan, The First World War , p. 316.

9. J. P. Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg , vol. 2, p. 710.

10. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, p. 139.

11. Ibid ., p. 140.

12. M. J. Larsons, ‘Au service des Soviets’, p. 29: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA), box 1.

13. A. E. Senn, Diplomacy and Revolution: The Soviet Mission to Switzerland, 1918 , p. 161.

14. Kh. Rakovskii, ‘Avtobiografiya’ (HIA), p. 9; M. J. Larsons, ‘Au service des Soviets’, p. 29: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA), box 1.

15. Ibid ., p. 30.

16. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, p. 141.

17. Ibid. , p. 142.

18. Ibid. , pp. 142–3.

19. M. J. Larsons, ‘Au service des Soviets’, p. 33: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA), box 1.

20. Ibid. , pp. 33–5.

21. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, p. 143.

22. M. J. Larsons, ‘Dans le labyrinthe des Soviets’, p. 40: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA).

23. Ibid.

24. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, p. 143.

25. V. I. Lenin to A. A. Ioffe, 2 June 1918, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , vol. 50, p. 88.

26. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, pp. 143–4.

27. Ibid ., p. 144.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid. , p. 145.

30. Kh. Rakovski, ‘Avtobiografiya’ (HIA), p. 9.

31. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, p. 146.

32. Ibid. , pp. 148–9.

33. Ibid. , p. 149.

34. Ibid. , p. 150.

35. P. Levi, ‘Gedächtnisrede des Genossen Paul Levi’ (typescript: HIA).

17. Revolving the Russian Question

1. R. Cecil, memorandum of 20 October circulated to King and War Cabinet, fols 149–53: Milner Papers, dep. 136.

2. Sovnarkom meetings, 7, 21 and 30 December 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 1.

3. Azbuka report, 4 November 1918: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 28, folder 30.

4. Meeting of Russian delegation in Iasi with Allied emissaries, 17 November 1918: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 36, folders 16 and 18.