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Robert Service - Spies and Commissars

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Название:
Spies and Commissars
Автор:
Robert Service
Издательство:
Macmillan
Жанр:
История / на английском языке
Год:
2011
Город:
London
ISBN:
978-0-230-76095-0
Рейтинг книги:
3 / 5. Голосов: 1
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The early years of Bolshevik rule were marked by dynamic interaction between Russia and the West. These years of civil war in Russia were years when the West strove to understand the new communist regime while also seeking to undermine it.
Meanwhile, the Bolsheviks tried to spread their revolution across Europe at the same time they were seeking trade agreements that might revive their collapsing economy. This book tells the story of these complex interactions in detail, revealing that revolutionary Russia was shaped not only by Lenin and Trotsky, but by an extraordinary miscellany of people: spies and commissars, certainly, but also diplomats, reporters, and dissidents, as well as intellectuals, opportunistic businessmen, and casual travelers.
This is the story of these characters: everyone from the ineffectual but perfectly positioned Somerset Maugham to vain writers and revolutionary sympathizers whose love affairs were as dangerous as their politics. Through this sharply observed exposé of conflicting loyalties, we get a very vivid sense of how diverse the shades of Western and Eastern political opinion were during these years

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21. Western Agents

1. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , pp. 19 and 84.

2. Ibid ., pp. 88–9.

3. Ibid. , p. 101.

4. Ibid. , pp. 115–17.

5. Ibid. , pp. 119–27.

6. Ibid. , pp. 127–34.

7. Ibid. , pp. 145–8; G. A. Hill, Dreaded Hour , p. 88.

8. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 193.

9. Ibid ., p. 196.

10. Ibid. , pp. 203, 230 and 251–2.

11. Ibid. , pp. 197–8.

12. Ibid. , pp. 204–5.

13. Ibid. , pp. 228 and 231.

14. Ibid. , p. 213.

15. Ibid. , p. 223.

16. Ibid. , p. 217.

17. Ibid. , pp. 220–6.

18. G. A. Hill, ‘Reminiscences of Four Years with the N.K.V.D.’, p. 120: draft typescript, George A. Hill Papers (HIA).

19. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 231.

20. Ibid ., p. 217.

21. Ibid. , p. 231.

22. Ibid. , p. 232.

23. Ibid. , p. 213.

24. Ibid. , pp. 234–5.

25. Ibid. , p. 58.

26. G. A. Hill, Dreaded Hour , pp. 62–4.

27. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 63.

28. G. A. Hill, Dreaded Hour , p. 71.

29. A. Cook, On His Majesty’s Secret Service: Sidney Reilly — Codename ST1 , pp. 160–1.

30. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 78.

31. G. A. Hill, Dreaded Hour , p. 93.

32. Ibid ., p. 105.

33. S. G. Reilly to J. Picton Bagge, 10 October 1919 in A. Cook, On His Majesty’s Secret Service: Sidney Reilly — Codename ST1 , p. 169.

34. See the excerpts in A. Cook, On His Majesty’s Secret Service: Sidney Reilly — Codename ST1 , pp. 170–1.

35. P. Dukes, handwritten untitled memoir (1966?), pp. 7–8: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.

36. C. E. Dukes, ‘Family Dukes: Yesterday’, pp. 21–5: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1. Cuthbert Dukes was Paul Dukes’s brother.

37. P. Dukes, typed untitled memoir (n.d.), p. 4: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.

38. P. Dukes, handwritten untitled memoir (1966?), pp. 4–6: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.

39. P. Dukes, Come Hammer, Come Sickle! , pp. 25–6.

40. Robin Bruce Lockhart, Notes on Meeting with Sir Paul Dukes, 25 June 1966, p. 1: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Paul Dukes, 1922–1990’.

41. Ibid .

42. William S. Barrett, ‘America in Russia. Or the Diary of a Russian Wolf-hound’ (typescript: HIA), p. 17.

43. Robin Bruce Lockhart, Notes on Meeting with Sir Paul Dukes, 25 June 1966, p. 1: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Paul Dukes, 1922–1990’.

44. P. Dukes, Red Dusk and the Morrow (Doubleday, Page: New York, 1922), pp. 3–6. See also K. Jeffery, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service, 1909–1949 , p. 137.

45. P. Dukes, Red Dusk and the Morrow , pp. 9–11.

46. Jean MacLean’s answers to Robin Bruce Lockhart’s questionnaire (question 25): Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Jean MacLean’. Jean MacLean was Robert Bruce Lockhart’s first wife and Robin’s mother.

47. Lady Dukes to Robin Bruce Lockhart, 14 September 1967: Paul Dukes Papers, box 1.

48. P. Dukes, Red Dusk and the Morrow , pp. 9–11.

49. Ibid ., p. 7.

50. P. Dukes, ‘1918 Kalendar’-Otmetchik’: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.

51. Ibid.

52. Krasnaya kniga VChK , vol. 2, pp. 43–5.

53. P. Dukes, ‘The Onoto Diary for 1919’: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1; P. Dukes, Red Dusk and the Morrow , p. 223.

54. Ibid ., p. 220.

55. Ibid. , pp. 222–3.

56. Affidavit, 30 August 1919: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.

57. Lady Dukes, handwritten memoir (n.d.): Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.

58. Peter Constantinoff to Lady Dukes, 27 June 1968, stating that he was one of the two: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.

59. P. Dukes, Red Dusk and the Morrow , p. 267.

60. L. D. Trotskii to M. M. Litvinov, 5 June 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 365, fol. 79.

61. M. Occleshaw, Dances in Deep Shadows: The Clandestine War in Russia, 1917–20 , pp. 93–4; C. Andrew , Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community , pp. 261–2.

62. American Legation, Copenhagen, dispatch no. 3250, 15 May 1919: US Department of State: Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations between Russia (and the Soviet Union) and Other States, 1910–29 (HIA).

63. American Legation, Copenhagen, dispatch no. 3338, 16 June 1919: ibid .

64. Passport-Control Bureau Chief (Copenhagen), basing himself on British counter-intelligence information: 10 March 1919: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 57, folder 1.

65. A. Ransome, Russia in 1919 , p. 1.

66. K. Jeffery, MI6 , p. 174.

67. A. Ransome, Russia in 1919 , pp. 17–18.

22. Communism in America

1. Central Executive Committee of the CPA, 15 November 1919: Theodore Draper Papers (HIA), box 32.

2. New York Times , 22 March and 2 April 1919.

3. M. M. Litvinov to L. K. Martens, 27 May 1918: G. N. Sevast’yanov, J. Haslam and others (eds), Sovetsko-amerikanskie otnosheniya: gody nepriznaniya, 1918–1926 , pp. 101–2.

4. L. Martens and S. Nuorteva to B. Bakhmetev, 10 April 1919: L. K. Martens Papers (HIA).

5. Washington Post , 5 April 1919.

6. New York Times , 20 June 1919.

7. Ibid ., 14 June 1919.

8. Ibid. , 20 June 1919.

9. Ibid. , 21 June 1919.

10. Ibid. , 18 June 1919.

11. Ibid. , 27 June 1919.

12. Memorandum of L. K. Martens and S. Nuorteva (n.d.; March or April 1919?): George Halonen Papers (HIA).

13. Both contracts drafted for 16 September 1919: George Halonen Papers (HIA)

14. New York Times , 9 November 1919.

15. Ibid. , 17 November 1919.

16. Ibid. , 27 November 1919.

17. Ibid. , 2 December 1919.

18. Ibid. , 9 November 1919.

19. Ibid. , 19 November 1919.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. , 13 December 1919.

22. Ibid. , 19 November 1919.

23. Ibid. , 22 December 1919.

24. L. A. E. Gale to C. Ruthenberg, 23 February 1920, p. 2: Jay Lovestone Papers (HIA), box 195, folder CP-USA General Correspondence, February 1920.

25. CEC CPA to NEC CLP, 19 March 1920: Jay Lovestone Papers (HIA), box 195.

26. Conferences and Conventions, 1920: Jay Lovestone Papers (HIA), box 215.

27. CEC CPA collective protest, 24 March 1920: Jay Lovestone Papers (HIA), box 195.

28. Leaflet about March 1920: RGASPI, f. 515, op. 1, d. 34, p. 22.

29. Bukharin, Radek and Kuusinen, ‘Concerning the Next Tasks of the Communist Party of America (n.d., but seized on 22 August 1922): Communist International Instructions (HIA).

30. M. Eastman, ‘A Statement of the Problem in America and the First Step to its Solution’, 1923: Theodore Draper Papers (HIA), box 31.

31. [Ed Fisher] to C. E. Ruthenberg, 11 April 1920: Jay Lovestone Papers (HIA), box 195, folder 10.

23. Soviet Agents

1. See above, p. 159.

2. Paraphrase of telegram from Sir Mansfeldt Findlay, 30 September 1918: National Archives, FO Registry No. 165188. My thanks to Andrew Cook for sharing this document with me.