Robert Service - Spies and Commissars
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- Название:Spies and Commissars
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- Издательство:Macmillan
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- Год:2011
- Город:London
- ISBN:978-0-230-76095-0
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Spies and Commissars: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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Meanwhile, the Bolsheviks tried to spread their revolution across Europe at the same time they were seeking trade agreements that might revive their collapsing economy. This book tells the story of these complex interactions in detail, revealing that revolutionary Russia was shaped not only by Lenin and Trotsky, but by an extraordinary miscellany of people: spies and commissars, certainly, but also diplomats, reporters, and dissidents, as well as intellectuals, opportunistic businessmen, and casual travelers.
This is the story of these characters: everyone from the ineffectual but perfectly positioned Somerset Maugham to vain writers and revolutionary sympathizers whose love affairs were as dangerous as their politics. Through this sharply observed exposé of conflicting loyalties, we get a very vivid sense of how diverse the shades of Western and Eastern political opinion were during these years
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10. T. T. C. Gregory Papers (HIA), box 2: Hungarian Political Dossier, vol. 1: Alonzo Taylor to Herbert Hoover, 26 March 1919.
11. Memorandum by Ferenc Julier, former Commander of the General Staff of the Red Army; it was prepared for the Hoover Library in 1933 and translated into English: Hungarian Subject Collection (HIA), pp. 3–4 and 14.
12. Memorandum by Ferenc Julier, p. 3.
13. H. James (Inter-Allied Danube River Commission), ‘Report on Trip to German-Austria and Czecho-Slovakia’ (n.d.), pp. 1 and 4: Henry James Papers (HIA), folder 1.
14. G. A. Hill, Dreaded Hour , p. 89.
15. H. James, ‘A Solution of the Hungarian Question’ (no date given but some time in 1919 before August): Henry James Papers (HIA), folder 2.
16. Telegrams of 2 February and 19 April 1919: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 109, d. 46, pp. 1–2.
17. T. T. C. Gregory, ‘Beating Back Bolshevism’ (typescript, possibly 1920), p. 6: T. T. C. Gregory Papers (HIA), box 1; A. Taylor to H. C. Hoover, 26 March 1919.
18. Ibid .: Philip Marshall Brown to Archibald Cary Coolidge, 17 April 1919.
19. T. T. C. Gregory to H. C. Hoover, 22 June 1918: T. T. C. Gregory Papers (HIA), box 1.
20. T. T. C. Gregory, ‘Beating Back Bolshevism’ [n.p., n.d.]: ibid.
21. Trotsky’s message to Kh. G. Rakovski, N. I. Podvoiski and V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, 18 April 1919: RGASPI, f. 325, op. 1, d. 404, p. 86; Lenin’s telegram to S. I. Aralov and J. Vacietis, 21 April 1919, ibid ., p. 92; telegram of J. Vacietis and S. I. Aralov to V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, 23 April 1919, ibid ., op. 109, 46, pp. 3–5.
22. Lt Col. W. B. Causey to H. Hoover, 8 August 1919: Gibbes Lykes Papers (HIA), box 1.
23. [James A.?] Logan to the ARA in Paris, 13 August 1919: ibid.
24. Inter-Allied Military Mission (Budapest) to the Supreme Council of the Peace Conference, 19 August 1919: Gibbes Lykes Papers (HIA), box 1.
25. H. Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson , p. 118.
26. See his comments in H. Hoover, Address of Secretary Hoover before the Chamber of Commerce of the United States. Eleventh Annual Meeting. New York, N.Y., May 8 1923 , p. 7.
27. H. Hoover, The World Economic Situation: Address of Herbert Hoover before the San Francisco Commercial Club, October 9, 1919 , p. 19.
28. T. T. C. Gregory, ‘Stemming the Red Tide’ (n.p., 1919), pp. 66–7.
29. H. Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson , pp. 164–5; J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace , p. 274.
30. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, Krasnaya nov’ , no. 10 (1926), pp. 163–4.
31. Ibid ., pp. 164–5 and 168.
32. Ibid. , pp. 166–8.
33. Ibid. , p. 168.
34. A. Venturi, Rivoluzionari russi in Italia, 1917–1921 , pp. 205–7.
20. The Allies and the Whites
1. Telegram to A. V. Kolchak, 26 May 1919: Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak Papers (HIA).
2. Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak Papers (HIA).
3. A. Marty, La Révolte de la Mer Noire , vol. 2, pp. 114 and 118.
4. Ibid ., pp. 140–1.
5. W. Kendall, The Revolutionary Movement in Britain, 1900–1921: The Origins of British Communism , pp. 241–2.
6. C. Kinvig, Churchill’s Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 1918–1920 , p. xii.
7. Ibid ., pp. xviii–xix.
8. Daily Express , 6 September 1919.
9. C. Kinvig, Churchill’s Crusade , p. 192.
10. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Omsk) to Chargé d’Affaires, 18 March 1919: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 57, folder 1; S. Uget to B. A. Bakhmetev, 24 March 1919: ibid . See also Russian Military Mission in Berlin to Yudenich, 9 September 1919: Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 3, folder 25.
11. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’, Pravda , 30 August 1924, p. 5.
12. Gulkevich to Ambassador[?], 7 June 1919; American note on finance (Hoover’s copy), 15 June 1919: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 60, folder 1; V. A. Maklakov to B. A. Bakhmetev, 6 September 1920: ‘ Sovershenno lichno i doveritel’no!’: B. A. Bakhmetev–V. A. Maklakov: perepiska , vol. 1, p. 227.
13. ‘Sostoyanie schëtov na 1-oe dekabrya 1918 g.’: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 57, folder 1.
14. ‘Spisok predmetov i materialov, prinadlezhashchikh russkoi kazne’: ibid .
15. Telegram from B. Bakhmetev, 14 November 1919: Nikolai Yudenich Papers, box 3.
16. Gulkevich to unknown Ambassador, 7 June 1919; American note on finance (Hoover’s copy), 15 June 1919: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 60, folder 1.
17. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 77.
18. P. V. Vologodskii, ‘Otchët po poezdke v Tomsk na Pervyi Obshchesibirskii s”ezd’, p. 30: Pëtr Vasil’evich Vologodskii Papers (HIA).
19. Vladimir N. Bashkirov Papers (HIA), box 3.
20. Financial agent S. Uget to B. A. Bakhmetev, 2/15 February 1919: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 57, folder 1.
21. Financial consultative committee meeting, 23 September 1919: Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 21, folder 20.
22. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’, Pravda , 30 August 1924, p. 5.
23. GHQ British Salonika Force (Constantinople) to Directorate of Military Intelligence, 29 December 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 143, fol. 212.
24. Telegram to General Kondyrëv, n.d.: Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 3, folder 25.
25. E. O. Scafe to General N. Yermolov, 14 May 1919; unnamed military agent in the United Kingdom, 19 May 1919: General A. A. von Lampe Papers (HIA); General Staff Colonel Brandt to General K. I. Globachëv, 16 August 1919: ibid . Brandt was Yudenich’s ‘military agent in Germany’.
26. J. Alley to Robin Bruce Lockhart, 13 May 1966: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 2; E. L. Spears to Robin Bruce Lockhart, 2 January 1967: ibid.
27. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’, Pravda , 30 August 1924, p. 5.
28. Russian Military Mission in Berlin to Yudenich, 9 September 1919: Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 3, folder 25.
29. Ibid .
30. V. Madeira, ‘ “Because I Don’t Trust Him, We are Friends”: Signals Intelligence and the Reluctant Anglo-Soviet Embrace, 1917–24’, Intelligence and National Security , no. 1 (2004), p. 29.
31. P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 39, folder 8.
32. French Mission in Estonia to Col. Kruzenshtern, 25 November 1919: Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 3, folder 27; ‘Communiqué du Ministère de la Guerre de Paris’, 29 August 1919: box 4, folder 28.
33. ‘Modifications survenues dans l’ordre de battaille bolchévique’, September 1918: Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 3, folder 26.
34. Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 4, folder 11.
35. See for example, Kolchak’s communiqué on strategy and appointments, 7 November 1919, as received by Yudenich: ibid ., box 3, folder 2; Yudenich’s telegram to Sazonov, Kolchak, Denikin and Miller, 3 January 1920: ibid. , box 4, folder 6.
36. P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 30, folders 3–19.
37. Ibid. , box 28, folders 1, 30 and 33; box 39, folder 1.
38. Ibid. , box 35, folder 10 (Chicherin and Radek; Radek and Rakovski).
39. Ibid. , box 33, folder 5.
40. Nikolai Yudenich Papers, box 4, folder 29.
41. R. Service, Trotsky: A Biography , pp. 287–8.
42. N. Andreyev, A Moth on a Fence: Memoirs of Russia, Estonia, Czechoslovakia and Western Europe , p. 43.
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