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Robert Service - Spies and Commissars

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Название:
Spies and Commissars
Автор:
Robert Service
Издательство:
Macmillan
Жанр:
История / на английском языке
Год:
2011
Город:
London
ISBN:
978-0-230-76095-0
Рейтинг книги:
3 / 5. Голосов: 1
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The early years of Bolshevik rule were marked by dynamic interaction between Russia and the West. These years of civil war in Russia were years when the West strove to understand the new communist regime while also seeking to undermine it.
Meanwhile, the Bolsheviks tried to spread their revolution across Europe at the same time they were seeking trade agreements that might revive their collapsing economy. This book tells the story of these complex interactions in detail, revealing that revolutionary Russia was shaped not only by Lenin and Trotsky, but by an extraordinary miscellany of people: spies and commissars, certainly, but also diplomats, reporters, and dissidents, as well as intellectuals, opportunistic businessmen, and casual travelers.
This is the story of these characters: everyone from the ineffectual but perfectly positioned Somerset Maugham to vain writers and revolutionary sympathizers whose love affairs were as dangerous as their politics. Through this sharply observed exposé of conflicting loyalties, we get a very vivid sense of how diverse the shades of Western and Eastern political opinion were during these years

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37. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919 , vol. 2, pp. 163–4.

25. Bolshevism: For and Against

1. Menu copies, 19 November and 3 December 1919: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11.

2. The Times , 15 and 16 October 1919.

3. Ibid ., 17, 21, 30 and 31 October 1919.

4. Ibid. , 3, 4 and 11 November 1919.

5. Ibid. , 12 November 1919.

6. ‘Bolshevism at Close Quarters. An Englishman’s Experiences. Why I Went to Russia’, The Times , 14 October 1919.

7. The Times , 12 November 1919.

8. Ibid ., 14, 15 and 19 January 1920 and 4 January 1921.

9. Ibid. , 14 February 1920.

10. Ibid.

11. Izvestiya , 6 April 1920; The Times , 30 April 1920.

12. P. Dukes, diary for 1920, and Robin Bruce Lockhart’s notes on a conversation with Dukes’s brother Cuthbert: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1; The Times , 20 December 1920.

13. The Times , 22 December 1919.

14. Manchester Guardian , 12 November 1919.

15. The Times , 23 February 1921.

16. Princess Cantacuzène, Revolutionary Days: Recollections of Romanoffs and Bolsheviki , pp. 339–59.

17. Princess Catherine Radziwill, The Firebrand of Bolshevism: The True Story of the Bolsheviki and the Forces that Directed Them : for examples see pp. 30, 179–90, 236 and 262–3.

18. P. Miliukov, Bolshevism: An International Danger, its Doctrine and its Practice through War and Revolution , pp. 115–17 and 147.

19. Ibid ., p. 299.

20. Ibid. , pp. 189 and 197–200.

21. Ibid. , pp. 273–81.

22. The Times , 19 November 1919.

23. Russia. Posol’stvo (HIA), box 9, folder 2.

24. See here.

25. A. Ransome, Russia in 1919 (B. W. Huebsch: New York, 1919).

26. M. Philips Price, The Soviet, the Terror and Intervention (The Socialist Publication Society: Brooklyn, NY, 1918), pp. 1–13.

27. M. Litvinoff (with a supplementary chapter by I. Litvinoff), The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise and Meaning (British Socialist Party: London, 1919), especially p. 50.

28. J. Reed, Ten Days that Shook the World (Boni & Liveright: New York, 1919), p. xii.

29. J. Reed, Ten Days that Shook the World (1960), p. lxviii.

30. Ibid ., p. lii.

31. J. Reed, ‘Memorandum. Russia. The Soviet Government’ (n.d.), pp. 1–14: George Halonen Papers (HIA).

32. Ibid. , pp. 15–16.

33. Nicolai Lenin, Tchicherin, John Reed and Max Eastman, Russia , pp. 28 and 53–63.

34. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , Preface by H. Barbusse (Sirène: Paris, 1920), p. 11.

35. J. Spargo, Russia as an American Problem , p. viii.

36. J. Spargo, Bolshevism: The Enemy of Political and Industrial Democracy , p. 215.

37. J. Spargo, Russia as an American Problem , pp. 40–1.

38. Ibid ., pp. 259–99.

39. J. Spargo, Bolshevism: The Enemy of Political and Industrial Democracy , p. 215.

40. J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace , pp. 35–6, 44–5, 51.

41. Ibid ., chs 4 and 5.

42. Ibid. , pp. 288–9.

43. Ibid. , p. 274.

44. Ibid. , pp. 291–5.

45. The Times , 5 January 1920.

46. New York Times , 29 February 1920 (reviewer Charles D. Hazen).

47. A. Tardieu, La Paix (Payot: London, 1921).

48. Manchester Guardian , 24 December 1919.

49. M. E. Harrison, Marooned in Moscow: The Story of an American Woman Imprisoned in Russia , p. 189.

50. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , vol. 42, pp. 67 and 69; vol. 44, pp. 294–5; J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace , pp. 236–7.

26. Left Entrance

1. M. E. Harrison, Marooned in Moscow: The Story of an American Woman Imprisoned in Russia , p. 61.

2. Ibid ., pp. 57–8.

3. Tsentral’noe byuro po obsluzhivaniyu inostrantsev v Moskve pri NKInoDel (Byurobin): Russian Subject Collection (HIA), box 13, folder 12.

4. E. Goldman, My Disillusionment in Russia (Doubleday, Page: New York, 1923); E. Goldman to B. Russell, 8 July 1922: B. Russell, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, 1914–1944 , p. 174.

5. British Labour Delegation to Russia, 1920: Report (Trades Union Congress and Labour Party: London, 1920), p. 3.

6. Mrs P. Snowden, Through Bolshevik Russia (Cassell: London, 1920), p. 8; Manchester Guardian , 28 April 1920.

7. V. I. Lenin, Neizvestnye dokumenty, 1891–1922 , pp. 332–3.

8. Manchester Guardian , 15 May 1920; Mrs P. Snowden, Through Bolshevik Russia , pp. 7–8.

9. The Times , 28 April 1920.

10. B. Russell, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, 1914–1944 , p. 141.

11. Mrs P. Snowden, Through Bolshevik Russia , p. 32.

12. D. Debrestian, ‘On the Origin of the Term “Iron Curtain” ’, Washington Post , 26 September 1991.

13. Ibid ., p. 8.

14. Ibid. , p. 30.

15. Manchester Guardian , 21 May 1920.

16. Mrs P. Snowden, Through Bolshevik Russia , p. 50.

17. Ibid ., p. 55.

18. Ibid. , p. 66.

19. J. S. Clarke, Pen Portraits of Russia under the ‘Red Terror’ , p. 49. Clarke laughed at his friend’s Paisley brogue but he himself didn’t get right the Russian word for ‘I understand’ ( ponimayu ).

20. Ibid ., pp. 56–7.

21. Ibid. , p. 92.

22. M. E. Harrison, Marooned in Moscow , p. 223.

23. Ibid ., p. 181.

24. Ibid. , p. 171.

25. Manchester Guardian , 2 June 1920.

26. Ibid. , 7 June 1920.

27. V. I. Lenin, Pis’mo k angliiskim rabochim in Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , vol. 41, p. 125.

28. New York Times , 23 July 1920.

29. Mrs P. Snowden, Through Bolshevik Russia , p. 180.

30. A. Ransome, ‘Lenin in 1919’, in A. Rhys Williams, Lenin: The Man and his Work , pp. 167–8.

31. Ibid ., p. 168.

32. Ibid. , p. 173.

33. Mrs P. Snowden, Through Bolshevik Russia , p. 117.

34. Ibid ., p. 76.

35. Ibid. , pp. 75 and 117.

36. Ibid. , pp. 76–7.

37. Manchester Guardian , 29 July 1920.

38. Ibid. , 12 July 1920.

39. Ibid. , 1 July 1920.

40. Mrs P. Snowden, Through Bolshevik Russia , p. 116.

41. Manchester Guardian , 29 July 1920.

42. Ibid .

43. Mrs P. Snowden, Through Bolshevik Russia , pp. 137–8.

44. T. Alexander, An Estonian Childhood , p. 120.

45. H. G. Wells, Russia in the Shadows , p. 139.

46. Ibid ., p. 158.

47. C. Sheridan, Naked Truth , pp. 151–2.

48. Ibid ., p. 156.

49. C. Sheridan to W. S. Churchill, 23 January 1921: Churchill Papers, CHAR 1/138.

50. C. Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow: Clare Sheridan’s Diary , pp. 12–13.

51. C. Sheridan, Naked Truth , pp. 157–9.

52. Ibid ., pp. 160–1.

53. ‘Woman Sculptor Tells Impression of Soviet Chiefs’, New York Times , 23 November 1920. This excerpt from Clare Sheridan’s ‘diary’ is not contained in the version published as a book.