39. Manchester Guardian , 2 August 1920. See below, pp. 300–1.
40. Politburo meetings, 13 August 1920: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 102, item 3; and 19 August 1920: ibid ., f. 17, op. 3, d. 103, item 1.
41. The Times , 5 August 1920.
42. Ibid. , 6 August 1920.
43. Ibid. , 7 August 1920.
44. Manchester Guardian , 11 August 1920.
45. The Times , 11 August 1920.
46. Manchester Guardian , 11 August 1920.
47. The Times , 4 August 1920.
48. Ibid. , 7 August 1920.
49. Ibid. , 10 August 1920.
50. Manchester Guardian , 5 August 1920.
51. I. N. R. Davies, White Eagle, Red Star , p. 274.
52. Politburo meeting, 1 September 1920: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 106, items 7, 9 and 10.
53. Politburo meeting, 6 September 1920: ibid ., d. 107, item 2.
54. Manchester Guardian , 12 September 1920.
55. Politburo meeting, 1 September 1920: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 106.
56. Ibid. , p. 34.
57. Ibid. , p. 26.
58. Ibid. , p. 28.
59. Ibid. , pp. 36–7.
1. New York Times , 17 July 1920.
2. Ibid. , 3 September 1920.
3. The Times , 23 July 1920.
4. Ibid. , 27 July 1920.
5. Ibid. , 20 and 21 July 1920.
6. Politburo meeting, 19 August 1920: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 103.
7. See here.
8. The Times , 6 August 1920.
9. Ibid. , 7 August 1920.
10. New York Times , 13 September 1920.
11. Ibid. , 14 September 1920; The Times , 17 September 1920.
12. M. J. Larsons, ‘Au service des Soviets’, pp. 42–4: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA), box 1.
13. Ibid. , pp. 43–6.
14. Ibid. , p. 50; see also Krasin’s explanation to Dr Freund, 1 December 1947, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA), box 1.
15. A. J. Sack, America’s Possible Share in the Economic Future of Russia , p. 24.
16. M. J. Larsons, ‘Au service des Soviets’, p. 47.
17. Ibid ., p. 48.
18. W. B. Vanderlip (with H. B. Hulbert), In Search of a Siberian Klondike , pp. 4 and 315; New York Times , 27 October 1920.
19. New York Times , 19 November 1920.
20. Ibid ., 28 October 1920.
21. Ibid. , 27 October and 19 November 1920.
22. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , vol. 42, pp. 23 and 62–4.
23. H. G. Wells, Russia in the Shadows , pp. 164–5.
24. Ibid ., pp. 164 and 167; The Times , 8 December 1920.
25. New York Times , 1 December 1920.
26. Ibid. , 11 January 1922.
27. Manchester Guardian , 4 January 1921.
28. Ibid. , 15 and 19 December 1920.
29. New York Times , 3 January 1921.
30. Relations with Russia: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate. Sixty-Sixth Congress, Third Session , p. 5.
31. Ibid. , p. 62.
32. D. Lincove, ‘Radical Publishing to “Reach the Million Masses”: Alexander L. Trachtenberg and International Publishers, 1906–1966’, Left History , vol. 10.1 (Fall/Winter 2004), p. 91.
33. Relations with Russia: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate , pp. 72–3.
34. Ibid ., pp. 12–28.
35. ‘Comments of the Esthonian Press on the De Jure Recognition of Esthonia’: Nicolai Koestner Papers (HIA).
36. Central Committee meeting, 26 January 1921: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 56.
37. Manchester Guardian , 19 December 1920.
38. The Times , 22 December 1920; New York Times , 29 December 1920. See above, pp. 251–2.
39. The Times , 22 and 23 December 1920.
40. Ibid. , 8 January 1921.
41. Central Committee meeting, 26 January 1921: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 56, item 12.
42. Manchester Guardian , 19 December 1920.
30. The Economics of Survival
1. Desyatyi s”ezd RKP(b) , pp. 349–50.
2. Politburo second meeting, 5 February 1921: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 130.
3. Politburo first meeting, 5 February 1921: ibid. , d. 129.
4. Politburo meeting, 16 February 1921: ibid. , d. 134.
5. Central Committee plenum, 24 February 1921: ibid. , op. 2, d. 59, item 2.
6. See here.
7. The Times , 17 September 1920.
8. Ibid. , 3 December 1920.
9. C. Andrew , Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community , p. 262.
10. B. Savinkov to P. N. Wrangel, 15 October 1920: Boris Savinkov Papers (HIA).
11. Central Committee plenum, 25 February 1921: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 60.
12. L. Bryant (Moscow) via F. Mason (Berlin), 10 March 1921: Frank E. Mason Papers (HIA), box 3, fol. 1, pp. 68–9.
13. L. Bryant (Moscow) via F. Mason (Berlin), 8 March 1921: ibid. , p. 79.
14. Ibid. , p. 80.
15. V. Krasnov and V. Daines (eds), Neizvestnyi Trotskii. Krasnyi Bonapart: Dokumenty, mneniya, razmyshleniya , pp. 339 and 340–1.
16. Desyatyi s”ezd RKP(b) , pp. 716–59 and 765–8.
17. Ibid ., pp. 349–50, 354, 391 and 393.
18. L. D. Trotsky to the Politburo, 10 March 1921: V. Krasnov and V. Daines (eds), Neizvestnyi Trotskii , p. 346.
19. B. A. Bakhmetev to V. A. Maklakov, 19 March 1921: ‘ Sovershenno lichno i doveritel’no!’: B. A. Bakhmetev–V. A. Maklakov: perepiska , vol. 1, p. 329.
20. Politburo meetings, 18 and 19 March 1921: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, dd. 138 and 139.
21. Washington Times , 17 March 1921.
22. Boston American , 16 March 1921.
23. L. Bryant to F. Mason, 12 March 1921: Frank E. Mason Papers (HIA), box 2, p. 61.
24. Politburo meeting, 17 April 1921: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 155, item 155.
31. The Second Breathing Space
1. Petrogradskie izvestiya , 12 April 1921; ‘Revel’skaya gavan’ i bol’sheviki’, 21 April 1921, pp. 1 and 5, Nicolai Koestner Papers (HIA).
2. Pravda , 14 April 1921.
3. L. D. Trotsky to A. D. Tsyurupa, 21 March 1921: GARF, f. 3316s, op. 2, d. 83, pp. 2–4.
4. B. A. Bakhmetev to V. A. Maklakov, 19 March 1921: ‘ Sovershenno lichno i doveritel’no!’: B. A. Bakhmetev–V. A. Maklakov: perepiska , vol. 1, p. 330.
5. New York Times , 22 March 1921.
6. Ibid .
7. Ibid. , 13 July 1921.
8. Chicago Tribune , 27 March 1921.
9. J. Aves, Workers against Lenin: Labour Protest and the Bolshevik Dictatorship , pp. 158–85.
10. V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko to V. Lenin, 20 July 1921: The Trotsky Papers , vol. 2, p. 536.
11. ‘Desyataya partiinaya konferentsiya, 26–28 maya 1921 goda’: uncorrected minutes, RGASPI, f. 46, op. 1, d. 2, pp. 1, 16, 18 and 60.
12. See R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life , vol. 3, pp. 182–4 and 205–12.
13. ‘Desyataya partiinaya konferentsiya, 26–28 maya 1921 goda’: uncorrected minutes, RGASPI, f. 46, op. 1, d. 2, pp. 58–9.
14. Ibid ., pp. 50–62.
15. Ibid. , pp. 125 and 133–4.
16. New York Times , 25 May 1921.
17. L. D. Trotskii to M. M. Litvinov, 7 July 1921: RGVA, f. 33987, op. 1, d. 409, p. 555.
18. New York Times , 30 June 1921.
19. Ibid. , 2 July 1921.
20. Ibid. , 30 June 1921.
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