Robert Service - Spies and Commissars
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- Название:Spies and Commissars
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- Издательство:Macmillan
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- Год:2011
- Город:London
- ISBN:978-0-230-76095-0
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Spies and Commissars: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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Meanwhile, the Bolsheviks tried to spread their revolution across Europe at the same time they were seeking trade agreements that might revive their collapsing economy. This book tells the story of these complex interactions in detail, revealing that revolutionary Russia was shaped not only by Lenin and Trotsky, but by an extraordinary miscellany of people: spies and commissars, certainly, but also diplomats, reporters, and dissidents, as well as intellectuals, opportunistic businessmen, and casual travelers.
This is the story of these characters: everyone from the ineffectual but perfectly positioned Somerset Maugham to vain writers and revolutionary sympathizers whose love affairs were as dangerous as their politics. Through this sharply observed exposé of conflicting loyalties, we get a very vivid sense of how diverse the shades of Western and Eastern political opinion were during these years
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17. See here.
18. Ya. Peters, ‘Delo Lokkarta’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 495. On the Sheremetev Lane apartment see R. Polonsky, Molotov’s Magic Lantern: A Journey in Russian History , pp. 43–9.
19. R. N. Bruce Lockhart, ‘Notes on Sidney Reilly. Information Provided by George Hill’: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers, box 11, folder 1, p. 1.
20. GARF, f. 102, op. 174, d. 69 (vol. 30: 1914), pp. 37–40. My thanks to Andrew Cook for sharing this with me.
21. Translation of Starzhevskaya petition to the Red Cross for Aid to Political Prisoners, 11 November 1918, GARF R8419, op. 1, d. 356, pp. 355–6: Andrew Cook’s papers.
22. Ya. Peters, ‘Delo Lokkarta’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 512.
23. Ibid .
24. ‘Pokazaniya M. V. Fride’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 506; translation of Maria Fride’s Red Cross questionnaire, 30 December 1918, GARF R8419, op. 1, d. 264, p. 35 (double-sided): thanks again to Andrew Cook.
25. ‘Pervoe pokazanie A. V. Fride’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 502.
26. Washington Post , 2 March 1918.
27. V. Kingisepp, ‘Dobavochnye pokazaniya ot K. D. Kalamatiano’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , pp. 517–18.
28. Ya. Peters, ‘Delo Lokkarta’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 517.
29. K. D. Kalamatiano, ‘Rabota poslednikh 6–8 mesyatsev’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 519.
30. Ibid ., p. 115.
31. ‘Tret’e pokazanie A. V. Fride’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 504.
32. Ibid . (A. V. Fride); ‘Pokazaniya M. V. Fride’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 506; K. D. Kalamatiano, ‘Litsa, privlechënnye po delu’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 520. See also D. S. Foglesong, America’s Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920 , p. 114.
33. R. H. Bruce Lockhart’s deciphered report, 26 May 1918: National Archvies, FO 371/3332/9748, p. 424; B. V. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’, Pravda , 30 August 1924, pp. 4–5.
34. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , pp. 200–1.
35. New York Evening Post , 16–18 September 1918; New York Times , 22 September 1918 and 22 February 1919.
36. G. Creel (Chairman), The German–Bolshevik Conspiracy (The Committee on Public Information: New York, 1918), pp. 29–30.
37. R. H. Bruce Lockhart report (Moscow), 11 April 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 364, fols 200–1.
38. R. H. Bruce Lockhart report (Moscow), 7 May 1918: ibid ., fol. 271.
39. R. H. Bruce Lockhart to A. J. Balfour, 1 November 1918: National Archives, FO 371/3337/9829, p. 405.
40. See for example his request to be allowed to subsidize the National Centre in his report of 6 July 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 141, fols 75–7.
41. R. H. Bruce Lockhart report (Moscow), 13 June 1918: ibid. , dep. 365, fol. 106.
42. R. H. Bruce Lockhart reports (Moscow), 21 and 23 July: ibid. , fols 156–7 and 158.
43. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, ‘Secret and Confidential Memorandum on the Alleged “Allied Conspiracy” in Russia’, enclosure no. 1 in dispatch of 5 November 1918: Milner Papers, fol. 244.
44. Ya. Peters, ‘Delo Lokkarta’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 491.
45. Robert Bruce Lockhart’s account in The British Agent attributed the leadership of the plot to Reilly. So too did Robin Bruce Lockhart in Ace of Spies despite knowing, as he admitted in a letter to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1967, that it was his father who had headed the planning: Robin Bruce Lockhart to P. R. H. Wright, F.O. [ sic ], 19 February 1967: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Foreign and Commonwealth, 1957–2002’.
46. National Archives, FO 371/3350, p. 37: quoted by G. Swain, ‘“An Interesting and Plausible Proposal”: Bruce Lockhart, Sidney Reilly and the Latvian Riflemen, Russia 1918’, Intelligence and National Security , no. 3 (1999), p. 90.
47. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, The Memoirs of a British Agent, Being an Account of the Author’s Early Life in Many Lands and of his Official Mission to Moscow in 1918 , pp. 315–16.
48. Robin Bruce Lockhart to P. R. H. Wright, F.O. [ sic ], 19 February 1967: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Foreign and Commonwealth, 1957–2002’. See also M. Smith, Six: A History of Britain’s Secret Intelligence Service , p. 233.
49. Ya. Peters, ‘Delo Lokkarta’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 491.
50. Ibid ., p. 492.
51. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, ‘Secret and Confidential Memorandum on the Alleged “Allied Conspiracy” in Russia’, enclosure no. 1 in dispatch of 5 November 1918: Milner Papers, fols 249–50.
52. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 238.
53. Ya. Peters, ‘Delo Lokkarta’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 492.
15. A Very British Plot
1. ‘Capt. Hill’s Report on his Work in Russia for D.M.I.’, 11 December 1918: National Archives, FO 371/3350, cited in R. B. Spence, ‘The Tragic Fate of Kalamatiano: America’s Man in Moscow’, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence , no. 3 (1999), p. 353.
2. S. G. Reilly and Pepita Bobadilla, The Adventures of Sidney Reilly, Britain’s Master Spy , pp. 30–2.
3. Ya. Peters, ‘Delo Lokkarta’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 494.
4. R. Marchand, Allied Agents in Russia: Complete Text of the Letter of M . René Marchand, Petrograd Correspondent of ‘Le Figaro’, to M. Poincaré, President of the French Republic, September 1918.
5. R. Marchand, Why I Support Bolshevism (British Socialist Party: London, 1919), pp. 29, 32, 44–7 and 50.
6. Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , pp. 489–91.
7. Ivy Litvinov, untitled autobiographical fragment: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 10, folder 3.
8. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 239.
9. The Diaries of Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915–1938 , p. 40; Ya. Peters, ‘Protokol pokazanii Ksenofontova Kalamatiano, on zhe Serpovskii’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 513.
10. Ibid .
11. Ibid. , p. 514.
12. The Diaries of Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915–1938 , pp. 40–1.
13. Ya. Peters, ‘Protokol pokazanii Ksenofontova Kalamatiano, on zhe Serpovskii’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 514.
14. Ibid .
15. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, notebooks (1938–1945): Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 4, folder 3; Freddie Hill to Robin Bruce Lockhart, 4 July 1970: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Others: 1921–1997’.
16. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Friends, Foes and Foreigners , p. 273; M. E. Harrison, Marooned in Moscow: The Story of an American Woman Imprisoned in Russia , p. 59; G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 100.
17. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, ‘Last Words on Lenin: An Inaugural Address [as] Honorary President of the Associated Societies, Edinburgh University, 26 October 1960’, p. 16.
18. Speech of 7 November 1918, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , pp. 92–3.
19. R. H. Bruce Lockhart to A. J. Balfour, 7 November 1918, pp. 2–4: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 12; Ya. Peters, ‘Delo Lokkarta’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov .
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