18. R. H. Bruce Lockhart (Petrograd, via Lindley), 16 February 1918: ibid. , fols 34–8; R. H. Bruce Lockhart (Moscow), 21 February 1918: ibid. , fol. 143.
19. R. Vaucher, L’Enfer bolchévik à Petrograd sous la commune et la terreur rouge , pp. 4–5.
20. House of Commons Debates , 18 February 1918, vol. 103, col. 462.
21. Manchester Guardian , 26 February 1918.
22. House of Commons Debates , vol. 103: 27 February 1918, col. 1478; 28 February 1918, col. 1605.
23. R. Vaucher, L’Enfer bolchévik à Petrograd sous la commune et la terreur rouge , pp. 7–10.
24. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP(b): avgust 1917–fevral’ 1918 , p. 199.
25. Ibid ., p. 200.
26. Ibid. , pp. 204–5.
27. Undated memorandum on 1917–18 by Stephen Alley. I am grateful to Andrew Cook for giving me a copy of this document.
28. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , p. 243: letter to A. Thomas, 21 February 1918.
28. Ibid ., p. 244: letter to A. Thomas, 22 February 1918.
30. A. A. Ioffe, ‘N. Lenin i nasha vneshnyaya politika’ (dated 20 October 1927), APRF, f. 31, op. 1, d. 4, pp. 212–13.
31. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP(b): avgust 1917–fevral’ 1918 , pp. 206–8.
32. Ibid. , p. 215.
33. O. M. Sayler, Russia White or Red , pp. 160–1; J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919 , vol. 1, p. 231, and vol. 2, pp. 29, 36 and 38; L. de Robien, The Diary of a Diplomat in Russia , p. 237.
34. B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin , p. 15.
10. Breathing Dangerously
1. B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin , p. 9.
2. A. A. Ioffe to V. I. Lenin, 11 March 1918, reproduced in V. Krasnov and V. Daines (eds), Neizvestnyi Trotskii. Krasnyi Bonapart: Dokumenty, mneniya, razmyshleniya , p. 40.
3. Sovnarkom formally made Chicherin the ‘Acting Deputy’ on 13 March 1918: RGASPI, f. 2, op. 1, d. 5483. See also RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 104, p. 43b (Central Committee and Central Control Commission meeting, 26 October 1923).
4. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , vol. 36, p. 324.
5. W. Hard, Raymond Robins’ Own Story , pp. 138–9.
6. Ibid ., p. 141.
7. O. Wardrop to A. J. Balfour, 16 April 1918: National Archives, FO 371/3331/9741.
8. W. Hard, Raymond Robins’ Own Story , pp. 140–5. On Francis’s links to the American railway engineers in Siberia see B. O. Johnson, ‘American Railway Engineers in Siberia’, American Engineer , no. 81, May–June 1923, pp. 187–91.
9. Letter (in French, on Crédit Lyonnais notepaper) by unknown person to unknown addressee, summer 1918(?), p. 2: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Sir Edward Spears’.
10. W. Hard, Raymond Robins’ Own Story , pp. 148–9 and 151–2.
11. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , vol. 36, p. 105.
12. Ibid ., p. 250.
13. Ibid. , p. 323.
14. R. H. Bruce Lockhart to A. J. Balfour, 7 November 1918, pp. 1–2: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 12; R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Friends, Foes and Foreigners , p. 273.
15. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Friends, Foes and Foreigners , p. 275.
16. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , pp. 262–3: letter to A. Thomas, 13 March 1918.
17. Ibid . See also N. V. Salzman, Reform and Revolution: The Life and Times of Raymond Robins , p. 141.
18. A. Rhys Williams, Lenin: The Man and his Work , p. 97.
19. R. H. Bruce Lockhart (Moscow report to London), 18 March 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 364, fol. 126.
20. A. J. Balfour to R. H. Bruce Lockhart, 13 March 1918: ibid ., fols 88–9.
21. Col. A. Knox, ‘The Delay in the East’, 18 March 1918: ibid. , fols 131–2 and 134.
22. M. J. Carley, Revolution and Intervention: The French Government and the Russian Civil War, 1917–1919 , p. 57.
23. P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 33, folder 5.
24. D. S. Foglesong, America’s Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920 , pp. 194–5.
25. ‘President Wilson’s Views on Allied Intervention in Russia’, circulated to King and War Cabinet, 10 May 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 141, fols 2–4.
26. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent, Being an Account of the Author’s Early Life in Many Lands and of his Official Mission to Moscow in 1918 , pp. 248–9.
27. Ibid ., pp. 249–50. Lockhart’s estimate of Francis’s age was out by a decade.
28. C. Kinvig, Churchill’s Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 1918–1920 , p. 24.
29. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , pp. 294–5: letter to A. Thomas, 7 April 1918.
30. C. Kinvig, Churchill’s Crusade , pp. 23–4.
31. I. N. Steinberg, ‘The Events of July 1918’: typescript (HIA), p. 3.
32. Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to Ukrainian Peace Delegation, 23 September 1918: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 35, folder 10.
33. Sovnarkom meeting, 2 April 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 1.
34. Central Committee meeting, 10 May 1918: Izvestiya Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS , no. 4 (1989), pp. 143–4.
35. Pravda , 24 May 1918.
36. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919 , vol. 2, pp. 27–8 and 55.
37. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , p. 271: letter to A. Thomas, 18 March 1918; J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919 , vol. 2, pp. 26–7.
38. Général Niessel, Le Triomphe des bolchéviks et la paix de Brest-Litovsk: souvenirs, 1917–1918 , p. 326.
39. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 190.
40. W. Hard, Raymond Robins’ Own Story , pp. 197–9.
41. Ibid ., pp. 202–3.
42. R. H. Bruce Lockhart report (Moscow), 5 June 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 365, fol. 78.
43. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919 , vol. 1, p. 178; J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , p. 367: letter to A. Thomas, 28 May 1918; V. Fić, The Bolsheviks and the Czechoslovak Legion , pp. 5–8, 10–13 and 41–3.
44. W. Hard, Raymond Robins’ Own Story , pp. 202–3.
45. G. Swain, ‘“An Interesting and Plausible Proposal”: Bruce Lockhart, Sidney Reilly and the Latvian Riflemen, Russia 1918’, Intelligence and National Security , no. 3 (1999), p. 83.
46. C. Kinvig, Churchill’s Crusade , p. 13.
47. Sovnarkom meeting, 20 July 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 2.
48. Sovnarkom meeting, 22 January 1918 (NS): ibid ., d. 1.
49. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , vol. 36, p. 324.
50. The Times , 8 March 1918.
51. L. de Robien, The Diary of a Diplomat in Russia , p. 252.
52. R. Vaucher, L’Enfer bolchévik à Petrograd sous la commune et la terreur rouge , pp. 208–9.
53. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , p. 319: letter to A. Thomas, 26 April 1918.
54. R. Vaucher, L’Enfer bolchévik à Petrograd sous la commune et la terreur rouge , p. 209.
55. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , p. 319: letter to A. Thomas, 26 April 1918.
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