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Robert Service - Spies and Commissars

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Название:
Spies and Commissars
Автор:
Robert Service
Издательство:
Macmillan
Жанр:
История / на английском языке
Год:
2011
Город:
London
ISBN:
978-0-230-76095-0
Рейтинг книги:
3 / 5. Голосов: 1
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The early years of Bolshevik rule were marked by dynamic interaction between Russia and the West. These years of civil war in Russia were years when the West strove to understand the new communist regime while also seeking to undermine it.
Meanwhile, the Bolsheviks tried to spread their revolution across Europe at the same time they were seeking trade agreements that might revive their collapsing economy. This book tells the story of these complex interactions in detail, revealing that revolutionary Russia was shaped not only by Lenin and Trotsky, but by an extraordinary miscellany of people: spies and commissars, certainly, but also diplomats, reporters, and dissidents, as well as intellectuals, opportunistic businessmen, and casual travelers.
This is the story of these characters: everyone from the ineffectual but perfectly positioned Somerset Maugham to vain writers and revolutionary sympathizers whose love affairs were as dangerous as their politics. Through this sharply observed exposé of conflicting loyalties, we get a very vivid sense of how diverse the shades of Western and Eastern political opinion were during these years

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54. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919 , vol. 1, pp. 186–7.

55. Ibid ., pp. 185–9; D. R. Francis, Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918 , pp. 216–17.

56. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919 , vol. 1, pp. 190–1; Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate , pp. 963–4.

57. D. R. Francis, Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918 , pp. 219–20.

8. The Other West

1. Russia. Posol’stvo (HIA), box 1: Russian ambassador in France to the embassy in Washington, 24, 26 and 29 December 1917 (Old Style).

2. D. S. Foglesong, America’s Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920 , p. 57.

3. National Archives, FO 371/3295/6933.

4. A. E. Senn, Diplomacy and Revolution: The Soviet Mission to Switzerland, 1918 , pp. 43–53.

5. I. Litvinov, untitled autobiographical fragment: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 10, folder 5, p. 27.

6. Ibid .

7. D. Lloyd George, War Memoirs , vol. 2, pp. 1552–3.

8. Ibid ., p. 1553.

9. Russia. Posol’stvo (HIA), box 1: Nabokov’s telegram to the US embassy, 3(16) January 1918.

10. Ibid. : Paris ambassador to all Russian embassies, 6(19) January 1918.

11. Ibid. : Nabokov’s telegram to the US embassy, 4(17) January 1918.

12. I. Maisky, Journey into the Past , p. 78; Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP(b): avgust 1917–fevral’ 1918 (Gosizdat: Moscow, 1958), p. 165.

13. Maisky’s notes on Litvinov’s conversational memoir, Journey into the Past , pp. 62–5; Russia. Posol’stvo (HIA), box 1: Nabokov’s telegram to the US embassy, 4(17) January 1918.

14. Maisky’s notes on Litvinov’s conversational memoir, Journey into the Past , pp. 62–5.

15. Russia. Posol’stvo (HIA), box 1: Nabokov’s telegram to the US embassy, 21 January (8 February) 1918.

16. Daily News and Leader , 19 February 1918.

17. Labour Leader , 24 January 1918.

18. http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/redclyde/redcly074.htm ; V. V. Aldoshin, Yu. V. Ivanov, V. M. Semënov and V. A. Tarasov (eds), Sovetsko-amerikanskie otnosheniya: gody nepriznaniya, 1918–1926 , p. 12.

19. Extracts of report by Basil Thomson on Litvinov, 20 February 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 364, fols 49–51.

20. House of Commons Debates , 19 February 1918, vol. 103, col. 607.

21. I. Litvinov, autobiographical fragment, ‘Letters to Viola’, p. 28: St Antony’s RESC Archive.

22. Ibid .

23. Ibid. , pp. 28a–30.

24. I. Litvinov, untitled autobiographical fragment: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 9, folder 10, p. 28a.

25. Ibid. , p. 37: St Antony’s RESC Archive.

26. Ibid.

27. M. Litvinoff, The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise and Meaning , especially pp. 43–6.

28. Manchester Guardian , 23 January 1918.

29. Harold Kellock (Finnish Information Bureau, New York) to Lincoln Steffens, 22 April 1918, p. 1: Russian Subject Collection (HIA).

30. New York Times , 31 January 1918.

31. Ibid ., 2 February 1918.

32. Ibid. , 19 February 1918.

33. Washington Post , 29 February 1918.

34. Ibid. , 1 June 1918.

35. New York Times , 11 May 1918.

36. R. Chambers, The Last Englishman: The Double Life of Arthur Ransome , p. 177.

37. M. Budberg to R. Bruce Lockhart, n.d.: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 2, folder 2.

38. A. Rhys Williams, Lenin: The Man and his Work , p. 74.

39. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 192.

40. Ibid ., pp. 192–3.

41. Report from Stockholm, 12 September 1918: CX 050167. My thanks to Andrew Cook for sharing this document with me.

42. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 191.

43. Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Sixty-Fifth Congress, Third Session and Thereafter Pursuant to Senate Resolutions 439 and 469 — February 11, 1919 to March 10, 1919 , p. 553.

44. M. Philips Price, The Soviet, the Terror and Intervention , pp. 1–14.

45. Radek and Ransome on Russia (The Socialist Publication Society: Brooklyn, NY, 1918), pp. 5–7, 10–11, 19–20 and 24.

46. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent, Being an Account of the Author’s Early Life in Many Lands and of his Official Mission to Moscow in 1918 , pp. 200–1.

47. The Diaries of Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915–1938 , p. 31.

48. R. Bruce Lockhart, ‘Last Words on Lenin: An Inaugural Address [as] Honorary President of the Associated Societies, Edinburgh University, 26 October 1960’, p. 6.

49. Ibid ., p. 7.

50. Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate , p. 801.

51. T. Alexander, An Estonian Childhood , p. 41.

52. The Diaries of Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915–1938 , pp. 32–3.

53. Ibid ., p. 33.

54. Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate , pp. 802–3.

55. Ibid. , p. 803.

56. ‘Udostoverenie’, 5 August 1918: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘2 Reilly: Documentary Material’, folder 2.

57. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , p. 264: letter to A. Thomas, 15 March 1918; J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919 , vol. 2, pp. 74–5 and 115.

58. National Archives, FO 371/3290/51340, cited in B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin , p. 22.

59. H. Wilson to the War Cabinet, 18 March 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 364, fol. 127.

60. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919 , vol. 2, pp. 74–5 and 115.

9. Talks at Brest-Litvosk

1. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 115.

2. B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin , p. 7.

3. Arthur M. Free Papers, folder Mb (HIA).

4. N. A. Ioffe, ‘O moëm ottse’: N. A. Ioffe Papers (HIA).

5. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , p. 140: letter to A. Thomas, 25 November/8 December 1917.

6. O. von Czernin’s diary reproduced from the 1923 Russian translation in N. Ioffe, Moi otets Adol’f Abramovich Ioffe , p. 135.

7. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , p. 140: letter to A. Thomas, 25 November/8 December 1917.

8. Mirnye peregovory v Brest-Litovske , vol. 1: Plenarnye zasedaniya. Zasedaniya Politicheskoi Komissii , pp. 67–8 and 72.

9. Ibid ., pp. 52–3.

10. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , p. 176: letter to A. Thomas, 22 December 1917/4 January 1918.

11. Ye. P. Shelepina, ‘Journey to Brest’ (notes written in March 1918): Notes by Ye. P. Shelepina, 18 March 1918: http://arthur-ransome.spb.ru/index/0–8.

12. Ibid .

13. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , vol. 35, pp. 179–80.

14. Mirnye peregovory v Brest-Litovske , vol. 1, p. 208.

15. Ibid ., pp. 209–10.

16. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP(b): avgust 1917–fevral’ 1918 , pp. 194–5.

17. R. H. Bruce Lockhart (Petrograd), 2 February 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 364, fols 66–7.