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Robert Service - Spies and Commissars

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Название:
Spies and Commissars
Автор:
Robert Service
Издательство:
Macmillan
Жанр:
История / на английском языке
Год:
2011
Город:
London
ISBN:
978-0-230-76095-0
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3 / 5. Голосов: 1
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The early years of Bolshevik rule were marked by dynamic interaction between Russia and the West. These years of civil war in Russia were years when the West strove to understand the new communist regime while also seeking to undermine it.
Meanwhile, the Bolsheviks tried to spread their revolution across Europe at the same time they were seeking trade agreements that might revive their collapsing economy. This book tells the story of these complex interactions in detail, revealing that revolutionary Russia was shaped not only by Lenin and Trotsky, but by an extraordinary miscellany of people: spies and commissars, certainly, but also diplomats, reporters, and dissidents, as well as intellectuals, opportunistic businessmen, and casual travelers.
This is the story of these characters: everyone from the ineffectual but perfectly positioned Somerset Maugham to vain writers and revolutionary sympathizers whose love affairs were as dangerous as their politics. Through this sharply observed exposé of conflicting loyalties, we get a very vivid sense of how diverse the shades of Western and Eastern political opinion were during these years

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56. Ibid ., p. 322: letter to A. Thomas, 27 April 1918.

57. Ibid. , p. 365: letter to A. Thomas, 27 May 1918.

58. Sovnarkom meeting, 25 June 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 2.

59. Pravda , 27 April 1918.

60. Sovnarkom meeting, 4 April 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 1.

61. R. Vaucher, L’Enfer bolchévik à Petrograd sous la commune et la terreur rouge , p. 273; G. V. Chicherin, Vneshnyaya politika Sovetskoi Rossii za dva goda , pp. 18–19; New York Times , 6 July 1918.

62. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , p. 313: letter to A. Thomas, 16 April 1918.

63. Ibid .

64. Ibid. , p. 325: letter to A. Thomas, 28 April 1918.

65. R. Vaucher, L’Enfer bolchévik à Petrograd sous la commune et la terreur rouge , p. 35.

66. Ibid ., p. 157.

11. Revolts and Murders

1. Krasnaya kniga VChK , vol. 2, pp. 38–9.

2. W. G. Rosenberg, Liberals in the Russian Revolution: The Constitutional Democratic Party, 1917–1921 , pp. 316–20.

3. R. H. Bruce Lockhart to A. J. Balfour, 1 November 1918: National Archives, FO 371/3337/9828, pp. 8–9.

4. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919 , vol. 1, p. 178; J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , p. 367: letter to A. Thomas, 28 May 1918.

5. V. Fić, The Bolsheviks and the Czechoslovak Legion , pp. 206, 242, 262, 307–8 and 313.

6. National Archvies, FO 371/3324/107587, cited in B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin , p. 44.

7. R. H. Bruce Lockhart to A. J. Balfour, 7 November 1918: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 12.

8. Z. A. Zeman, Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918: Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry , pp. 130 and 137; M. Occleshaw, Dances in Deep Shadows: The Clandestine War in Russia, 1917–20 , pp. 130–3.

9. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919 , vol. 1, pp. 132–3, and vol. 2, pp. 120–1.

10. Sovnarkom meeting, 11 February 1918 (NS): GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 1.

11. Sovnarkom meeting, 9 March 1918: ibid .

12. Ibid.

13. Sovnarkom meeting, 2 May 1918: ibid.

14. Trotsky’s 1935 diary in L. Trotskii, Dnevniki i pis’ma , p. 102.

15. Sovnarkom meeting, 17 July 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 2.

16. A. A. Ioffe, ‘N. Lenin i nasha vneshnyaya politika’ (dated 20 October 1927), APRF, f. 31, op. 1, d. 4, p. 216.

17. Ibid .

18. Enquiries to Lenin at the Eighth Party Congress, March 1919: RGASPI, f. 5, op. 2, d. 2, p. 5.

19. G. V. Chicherin, Vneshnyaya politika Sovetskoi Rossii za dva goda , pp. 18–19.

20. M. Ustinov, ‘Svoevremennye mysli’, in S. Rudakov (ed.), Vokrug moskovskikh sobytii , p. 10.

21. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , pp. 202–3.

22. R. H. Bruce Lockhart (Moscow), 10 and 26 May: Milner Papers, dep. 364, fol. 288, and dep. 365, fol. 47.

23. R. H. Bruce Lockhart (Moscow), 16 May 1918: ibid ., dep. 364; R. Bruce Lockhart and A. Kerensky, ‘Ordeal by Oratory’ (draft; n.d.), p. 5: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 5, folder 7.

24. Notes taken by Robin Bruce Lockhart from George Hill’s account, p. 5: ibid. , box 11, folder 1.

25. George Hill’s answer to Robin Bruce Lockhart’s questionnaire, p. 6: ibid. , box 11, folder 1; Ya. Peters, ‘Protokol pokazanii Ksenofontova Kalamatiano, on zhe Serpovskii’, in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov , p. 512.

26. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’, Pravda , 30 August 1924, pp. 4–5.

27. R. H. Bruce Lockhart (Moscow) 17 May 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 142, fol. 4; see also dep. 365, fols 171–2.

28. Lockhart’s telegram, 26 May 1918: National Archives, FO 371/3332/9748.

29. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’, Pravda , 30 August 1924, pp. 4–5.

30. F. Grenard, La Révolution russe , p. 322.

31. Krasnaya kniga VChK , vol. 1, pp. 166–7.

32. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’, Pravda , 30 August 1924, pp. 4–5.

33. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 207.

34. F. Grenard, La Révolution russe , p. 321.

35. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , p. 405: letter to A. Thomas, 10 July 1918.

36. A. A. Ioffe to the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, copied to Lenin, Trotsky, Sverdlov and Zinoviev, June 1918: N. Ioffe, Moi otets Adol’f Abramovich Ioffe , pp. 65–6.

37. Sovnarkom, 15 July 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 2.

38. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919 , p. 405: letter to A. Thomas, 10 July 1918.

39. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , pp. 210–11.

40. V. I. Lenin, Neizvestnye dokumenty, 1891–1922 , p. 229.

41. Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Sixty-Fifth Congress, Third Session and Thereafter Pursuant to Senate Resolutions 439 and 469 — February 11, 1919 to March 10, 1919 , p. 947; J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919 , vol. 2, p. 146.

42. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919 , vol. 2, p. 148.

43. Ibid ., p. 149.

44. D. R. Francis, Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918 , pp. 248 and 250.

45. Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate , pp. 949–50.

46. Ibid ., p. 948.

47. W. Hard, Raymond Robins’ Own Story , p. 191; R. H. Bruce Lockhart report (Moscow), 13 May 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 365, fol. 2.

12. Subverting the Allies

1. Most notably in The State and Revolution : see Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , vol. 33.

2. I. S. Rozental’, Provokator. Roman Malinovskii: sud’ba i vremya , pp. 198–207.

3. M. Occleshaw, Dances in Deep Shadows: The Clandestine War in Russia, 1917–20 , pp. 93–4; C. Andrew, Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community , pp. 261–2.

4. G. Nowik, Zanim zlamano „Enigmę” . Polski radiowywiad podczas wojny z bolszewicką Rosją 1918–1920 , pp. 866–9.

5. Kh. Rakovskii and K. Radek, 29 October 1918: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 35, folder 10.

6. R. Blobaum, Feliks Dzierzynski and the SDKPiL: A Study of the Origins of Polish Communism , p. 30.

7. C. Sheridan, From Mayfair to Moscow: Clare Sheridan’s Diary , p. 95.

8. Ibid .

9. Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Sixty-Fifth Congress, Third Session and Thereafter Pursuant to Senate Resolutions 439 and 469 — February 11, 1919 to March 10, 1919 , p. 557.

10. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 154.

11. Karl Radek interview reported in ‘Anarchists as Bandits’, New York Times , 23 April 1923.

12. The Diaries of Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915–1938 , p. 35.

13. N. A. Ioffe, Moi otets Adol’f Abramovich Ioffe , p. 38.

14. S. Dzerzhinskaya, V gody velikikh boëv , pp. 269–70; N. Zubov, F. E. Dzerzhinskii , pp. 219–21; A. E. Senn, Diplomacy and Revolution: The Soviet Mission to Switzerland, 1918 , p. 100.