Robert Service - Spies and Commissars
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- Название:Spies and Commissars
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- Издательство:Macmillan
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- Год:2011
- Город:London
- ISBN:978-0-230-76095-0
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Spies and Commissars: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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Meanwhile, the Bolsheviks tried to spread their revolution across Europe at the same time they were seeking trade agreements that might revive their collapsing economy. This book tells the story of these complex interactions in detail, revealing that revolutionary Russia was shaped not only by Lenin and Trotsky, but by an extraordinary miscellany of people: spies and commissars, certainly, but also diplomats, reporters, and dissidents, as well as intellectuals, opportunistic businessmen, and casual travelers.
This is the story of these characters: everyone from the ineffectual but perfectly positioned Somerset Maugham to vain writers and revolutionary sympathizers whose love affairs were as dangerous as their politics. Through this sharply observed exposé of conflicting loyalties, we get a very vivid sense of how diverse the shades of Western and Eastern political opinion were during these years
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15. See here.
16. B. Thomson, Queer People (Hodder & Stoughton: London, 1922), p. 290.
17. Call , September 1918 (‘Dictatorship and Democracy’) and July 1919 (‘Towards a Revolutionary World War’).
18. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent, Being an Account of the Author’s Early Life in Many Lands and of his Official Mission to Moscow in 1918 , pp. 201–2.
19. B. Thomson, Queer People , p. 290.
20. See here.
21. C. Andrew and V. Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West , p. 37.
22. Report of the Dutch Legation in Petrograd, 15 September 1918: SF 401/3/2; Report from Stockholm, 12 September 1918: CX 050167; File on Ransome, 11.1.5 (no further indication); political report from ‘our representative’ in Helsinki, 1 May 1920: CX 3646. I am grateful to Andrew Cook for supplying secret service reports on Ransome.
23. The Times , 12 July 1918.
24. R. H. Bruce Lockhart to A. J. Balfour, 7 November 1918, p. 2: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 12.
13. Germany Entreated
1. K. Baedeker, Russia with Teheran, Port Arthur, and Peking: Handbook for Travellers , pp. 334–5; F. J. Funk, ‘Fighting after the War’, Purdue Alumnus (n.d.), p. 7.
2. R. H. Bruce Lockhart report (Moscow), 18 July 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 365, fol. 147; ‘Proposals for Allied Enterprise for Russia (assuming French concurrence): ibid ., dep. 364.
3. R. H. Bruce Lockhart report (Moscow), 21 July 1918: ibid. , dep. 365, fols 156–7.
4. Lord Reading report (Washington), p. 4, 3 July 1918: ibid. , dep. 141; aide-memoire from Acting Secretary of State F. Polk, given to Lord Reading, 18 July 1918: ibid. , dep. 365, fol. 154.
5. C. Kinvig, Churchill’s Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 1918–1920 , pp. 23 and 28–9.
6. R. H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917–1921 , vol. 1: Intervention and the War , p. 236.
7. See V. Barnett, A History of Russian Economic Thought , pp. 98–9.
8. Editorial, The Times , 13 July 1918.
9. Ibid ., 18 July 1918.
10. Daily Herald , 14 December 1918.
11. Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Sixty-Fifth Congress, Third Session and Thereafter Pursuant to Senate Resolutions 439 and 469 — February 11, 1919 to March 10, 1919 , p. 950.
12. Director of Naval Intelligence, 14 June 1918, p. 2: FO 371/3331/9741. This memorandum is contained in Robert Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder 4.
13. A. A. Ioffe to the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, copied to Lenin, Trotsky, Sverdlov and Zinoviev, June 1918: N. Ioffe, Moi otets Adol’f Abramovich Ioffe , p. 66.
14. B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin , pp. 66–8.
15. Ibid ., pp. 33 and 45.
16. M. J. Larsons, ‘Au service des Soviets’, pp. 30–2: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA), box 1.
17. N. A. Ioffe Papers (HIA), ‘Ob ottse’, p. 5.
18. Ibid. , pp. 5–6.
19. Ibid. , p. 6.
20. Ibid.
21. N. Ioffe, Moi otets Adol’f Abramovich Ioffe , p. 35; V. R. Menzhinskii to V. I. Lenin, 20 May 1918 in ibid ., pp. 57–8.
22. A. A. Ioffe to V. I. Lenin, May 1918 in ibid ., p. 60; M. J. Larsons, ‘Au service des Soviets’, p. 28: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA), box 1.
23. N. Ioffe, Moi otets Adol’f Abramovich Ioffe , p. 35.
24. See below, pp. 300–3.
25. V. R. Menzhinskii to V. I. Lenin, 20 May 1918 in N. Ioffe, Moi otets Adol’f Abramovich Ioffe , pp. 57–8.
26. V. I. Lenin to L. B. Krasin, 11 August 1918: V. I. Lenin, Neizvestnye dokumenty, 1891–1922 , p. 284.
27. N. Ioffe, Moi otets Adol’f Abramovich Ioffe , pp. 35–6.
28. A. A. Ioffe to V. I. Lenin, May 1918 in ibid ., p. 60.
29. A. A. Ioffe, ‘N. Lenin i nasha vneshnyaya politika’ (dated 20 October 1927), APRF, f. 31, op. 1, d. 4, p. 212.
30. N. Ioffe, Moi otets Adol’f Abramovich Ioffe , p. 38. Ioffe could not resist asking Dzerzhinski why the Cheka had failed to prevent the attempt on Lenin’s life.
31. S. McMeekin, History’s Greatest Heist: The Looting of Russia by the Bolsheviks , pp. 97–101.
32. A. A. Ioffe to V. I. Lenin, May 1918 in N. Ioffe, Moi otets Adol’f Abramovich Ioffe , p. 61.
33. A. A. Ioffe to the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, copied to Lenin, Trotsky, Sverdlov and Zinoviev, June 1918 in ibid ., p. 67.
34. B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin , p. 57.
35. G. V. Chicherin, Vneshnyaya politika Sovetskoi Rossii za dva goda , p. 5; B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin , p. 71.
36. G. V. Chicherin, Vneshnyaya politika Sovetskoi Rossii za dva goda , pp. 18–19.
37. B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin , p. 49.
38. Ibid ., p. 61.
39. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , vol. 50, p. 108.
40. B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin , p. 67.
41. Pravda , 17 August 1918.
42. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , vol. 37, p. 75.
43. B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin , p. 68.
44. Hughes telegraph conversation between G. V. Chicherin and Kh. G. Rakovskii, 5 October 1918: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 35, folder 10.
45. L. D. Trotskii to V. I. Lenin, 17 August 1918: RGVA, f. 33987, op. 1, d. 23.
14. Subverting Russia
1. Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Notes on Sidney Reilly: Information Provided by George Hill’, p. 7: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder 1. See also A. Cook, On His Majesty’s Secret Service: Sidney Reilly — Codename ST1 , chs 2–7.
2. Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Notes on Sidney Reilly: Information Provided by George Hill’, p. 5: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder 1.
3. G. A. Hill, Dreaded Hour , p. 102.
4. A. Cook, On His Majesty’s Secret Service: Sidney Reilly — Codename ST1 , pp. 107–18.
5. Ibid ., pp. 107–8, 127–9, 131 and 133.
6. E. L. Spears to R. N. Bruce Lockhart, 2 January 1967: Robert Bruce Lockhart (HIA), box 2, folder 10; J. Alley to Robin Bruce Lockhart, 13 May 1966: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 2.
7. Ibid. ; G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land , p. 201.
8. Letter (in French, on Crédit Lyonnais notepaper) by unknown person to unknown addressee, summer 1918(?), p. 2: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Sir Edward Spears’.
9. Ibid . See also G. A. Hill’s answers to Robin Bruce Lockhart’s questionnaire: ibid. , ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Others: 1921–1997’.
10. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, notebooks (1938–1945): Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 4, folder 3.
11. R. H. Bruce Lockhart (Petrograd), 10 March 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 364, fol. 87.
12. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, notebooks (1938–1945): Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 4, folder 3.
13. T. Alexander, An Estonian Childhood , pp. 44–6.
14. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, notebooks (apparently 1938–1945): Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 4, folder 3.
15. Ibid .
16. Moura’s daughter Tanya made the deduction about the pregnancy from letters written at the time by Moura: T. Alexander, An Estonian Childhood , pp. 44–6.
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