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Sönke Neitzel - Soldaten

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Название:
Soldaten
Автор:
Sönke Neitzel
Издательство:
Alfred A. Knopf
Жанр:
История / nonf_military / на английском языке
Год:
2012
Город:
New York
ISBN:
978-0307958129
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In 2001, spurred by a nagging curiosity over a transcript of a secretly recorded conversation he had come across in his research on the German U-boat wars, historian Sönke Neitzel paid a visit to the British national archives. He had heard of the existence of recorded interrogations of German POWs, but never about covert recordings taken within the confines of the holding cells, bedrooms, and camps that housed the prisoners. What Neitzel discovered, to his amazement, were reams of untouched, recently declassified transcripts totaling nearly eight hundred pages. Later, Neitzel would find another trove of protocols twice as extensive at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.
Though initially recorded by British intelligence with the intention of gaining information that might be useful for the Allied war effort, the matters discussed in these conversations ultimately proved to be limited in that regard. But for Neitzel and his collaborator, renowned social psychologist Harald Welzer, they would supply a unique and profoundly important window into the mentality of the soldiers in the Wehrmacht, the Luftwaffe, the German navy, and the military in general, almost all of whom had insisted on their own honorable behavior during the war. It is a myth these transcripts unequivocally debunk.
Soldaten
Soldaten

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523

SRA 5127, 3 April 1944, TNA, WO 208/4133.

524

SRM 1262, 6 May 1945, TNA, WO 208/4140.

525

Nicole Bögli, “Als kriegsgefangener Soldat in Fort Hunt” (Master’s thesis, University of Bern, 2010); Stéphanie Fuchs, “‘Ich bin kein Nazi, aber Deutscher’” (Master’s thesis, University of Bern, 2010).

526

This would seem to support the conclusions in Alexander and Margarete Mitscherlich’s book Die Unfähigkeit zu trauern . Germans do in fact seem to have loved their Führer, and a thorough reevaluation of the history of the Third Reich and its crimes would have required Germans to grieve for the lost object of their affections.

527

SRM 468, 2 February 1944, TNA, WO 208/4137.

528

SRA 3963, 23 April 1943, TNA, WO 208/4130.

529

SRA 3540, 12 January 1943, TNA, WO 208/4129.

530

SRA 1008, 11 December 1940, TNA, WO 208/4122: “That is what I fail to understand. I, too, was in the Hitler Youth and fought. And it was a good idea too. No one can say anything against it. But there were things that were unnecessary like cutting off all the Jews.”

531

SRA 1259, 8 February 1941, TNA, WO 208/4123: “The Jews have systematically stirred people up against Germany. In Poland too. Anyway, who are the Poles? They’re at such a low level of culture. You can’t compare them with Germans at all.”

532

SRM 614, 1 July 1944, TNA, WO 208/4138.

533

SRN 2912, 10 February 1944, TNA, WO 208/4149.

534

SRM 1061, 27 November 1944, TNA, WO 208/4139.

535

SRA 289, 6 August 1940, TNA, WO 208/4118.

536

Alexander Hoerkens, “Kämpfer des Dritten Reiches? Die nationalsozialistische Durchdringung der Wehrmacht” (Master’s thesis, University of Mainz, 2009).

537

SRA 5118, 28 March 1944, TNA, WO 208/4133.

538

SRM 45, 10 February 1942, TNA, WO 208/4136.

539

Heinrich von Kleist, Über die allmähliche Verfertigung der Gedanken beim Sprechen (Frankfurt/Main: Dielmann, 2010).

540

SRN 151, 7 December 1940, TNA, WO 208/4141.

541

Room Conversation, Kotschi-Graupe-Schwartze-Boscheinen, 25 February 1945, NARA, RG 164, Entry 179, Box 475.

542

SRN 1767, 8 May 1943, TNA, WO 208/4145.

543

Hoerkens, “Kämpfer des Dritten Reiches?”

544

SRN 1715, 1 May 1943, TNA, WO 208/4145.

545

SRM 832, 26 August 1944, TNA, WO 208/4139.

546

SRM 560, 15 June 1944, TNA, WO 208/4138.

547

SRM 584, 22 June 1944, TNA, WO 208/4138.

548

SRA 1742, 19 May 1941, TNA, WO 208/4145.

549

SRM 914, 20 September 1944, TNA, WO 208/4139.

550

SRN 1505, 5 March 1943, TNA, WO 208/4145.

551

SRN 1617, 12 April 1943, TNA, WO 208/4145.

552

SRCMF X 61, 1 October 1944, TNA, WO 208/5513.

553

SRCMF X 15, 27 May 1944, TNA, WO 208/5513.

554

SRN 2471, 23 November 1943, TNA, WO 208/4148.

555

SRM 523, 8 June 1944, TNA, WO 208/4138.

556

Gordon Allport, Die Natur des Vorurteils (Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1971); Norbert Elias and John L. Scotson, Etablierte und Außenseiter (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1990); Henri Taijfel, Gruppenkonflikt und Vorurteil: Entstehung und Funktion sozialer Stereotypen (Bern: Verlag Hans Huber, 1982).

557

For example, Aly, Volksstaat; Wildt, Volksgemeinschaft .

558

SRGG 411, 10 September 1943, TNA, WO 208/4166.

559

SRGG 452, 2 October 1943, TNA, WO 208/4166.

560

SRM 745, 4 August 1944, TNA, WO 208/4238.

561

Interrogation Report, Wilimzig–Malner, 2 August 1944, NARA, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 563. See also Wilimzig’s personal file, NARA, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 563; and Felix Römer, “Alfred Andersch abgehört: Kriegsgefangene ‘Anti-Nazi’ im amerikanischen Vernehmungslager Fort Hunt,” VfZG 58 (2010), p. 578.

562

Room Conversation, Mayer–Ahnelt, 5 July 1944, NARA, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 441.

563

Room Conversation, Lange–Laemmel, 27 August 1944, NARA, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 506.

564

SRM 711, 28 July 1944, TNA, WO 208/4138.

565

SRM 1215, 14 February 1945, TNA, WO 208/4140.

566

See Martin Treutlein, “Paris im August 1944,” in Welzer, Neitzel, and Gudehus, eds., “Der Führer.”

567

Thomas Kühne, Kameradschaft: Die Soldaten des nationalsozialistischen Krieges und das 20. Jahrhundert (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006), p. 197.

568

SRN 97, 2 November 1940, TNA, WO 208/4141.

569

SRN 624, 9 August 1941, TNA, WO 208/4143.

570

“Gedanken des Oberbefehlshabers der Kriegsmarine zum Kriegsausbruch 3 September 1939,” in Werner Rahn and Gerhard Schreiber, eds., Kriegstagebuch der Seekriegsleitung, 1939–1945, Teil A, Vol. 1 (Bonn: E. S. Mittler & Sohn, 1988), p. 16.

571

An especially impressive example of this attitude is Kriegstagebuch des “Führers der Zerstörer” aus dem Jahr 1944, BA/MA, RM 54/8.

572

On Hitler: Admiral/Führerhauptquartier GKdos 2877/44, 6 August 1944, BA-MA, RM 7/137; on Goebbels: Elke Fröhlich, ed., Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels: Sämtliche Fragmente, Vols. 1–15 (28 February 1945) (London: Muenchen, 1987–98), p. 383.

573

Room Conversation, Neumann–Tschernett–Petzelmayer, 13 June 1944, NARA, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 521.

574

HDv 2, Abschnitt 9, p. 53, cited in BA/MA, RS 4/1446. We owe this reference to Peter Lieb, Sandhurst.

575

“I swear by God this sacred oath that I will show absolute obedience to the leader of the German Empire and people, Adolf Hitler, the supreme commander of the Wehrmacht, and am prepared as a courageous soldier to give my life at all times for this oath.”

576

Cited in Klaus Reinhardt, Die Wende vor Moskau: Das Scheitern der Strategie Hitlers im Winter 1941/42 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1972), p. 220.

577

OKW/WFSt, Abt. L, No. 442277/41 gKdos Chefs., 26 December 1941, cited in Hürter, Hitlers Heerführer, p. 327, FN 243.

578

Ibid., p. 332.

579

Ibid., p. 344.

580

OKW/WFSt/Op No. 004059/42 g.K. v. 3 November 1942, BA/MA, RH 19 VIII/34, S. 171 f.

581

Karl-Günter Zelle, Hitlers zweifelnde Elite (Paderborn: Schoeningh Verlag, 2010), pp. 28–32.