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Sönke Neitzel - Soldaten

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Название:
Soldaten
Автор:
Sönke Neitzel
Издательство:
Alfred A. Knopf
Жанр:
История / nonf_military / на английском языке
Год:
2012
Город:
New York
ISBN:
978-0307958129
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Soldaten: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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In 2001, spurred by a nagging curiosity over a transcript of a secretly recorded conversation he had come across in his research on the German U-boat wars, historian Sönke Neitzel paid a visit to the British national archives. He had heard of the existence of recorded interrogations of German POWs, but never about covert recordings taken within the confines of the holding cells, bedrooms, and camps that housed the prisoners. What Neitzel discovered, to his amazement, were reams of untouched, recently declassified transcripts totaling nearly eight hundred pages. Later, Neitzel would find another trove of protocols twice as extensive at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.
Though initially recorded by British intelligence with the intention of gaining information that might be useful for the Allied war effort, the matters discussed in these conversations ultimately proved to be limited in that regard. But for Neitzel and his collaborator, renowned social psychologist Harald Welzer, they would supply a unique and profoundly important window into the mentality of the soldiers in the Wehrmacht, the Luftwaffe, the German navy, and the military in general, almost all of whom had insisted on their own honorable behavior during the war. It is a myth these transcripts unequivocally debunk.
Soldaten
Soldaten

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697

SRM 1148, 31 December 1944, TNA, WO 208/4140.

698

SRM 536, 11 June 1944, TNA, WO 208/4138.

699

SRM 729, 29 July 1944, TNA, WO 208/4138. See SRM 225, 8 July 1943, TNA, WO 208/4136.

700

SRM 593, 25 June 1944, TNA, WO 208/4138.

701

SRX 1138, 3 October 1942, TNA, WO 208/4161.

702

SRN 823, 1 March 1942, TNA, WO 208/4143.

703

SRN 181, 21 March 1941; SRN 184, 21 March 1941; SRN 193, 22 March 1941, TNA, WO 208/4141.

704

René Schilling, “Die ‘Helden der Wehrmacht’—Konstruktion und Rezeption,” in Rolf-Dieter Müller and Hans-Erich Volkmann, eds., Die Wehrmacht: Mythos und Realität, pp. 552–56.

705

SRN 3732, 18 May 1944, TNA, WO 208/4152.

706

SRN 2606, 4 January 1944, TNA, WO 208/4148.

707

SRN 2574, 4 January 1944, TNA, WO 208/4148.

708

SRN 2636, 4 January 1944, TNA, WO 208/4148.

709

Christian Hartmann, Halder: Generalstabschef Hitlers, 1938–1942 (Paderborn: Schoeningh, 2010), p. 331.

710

For more detail on Reichenau, see Johannes Hürter, Hitlers Heerführer: Die deutschen Oberbefehlshaber im Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion, 1941/42 (Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, 2006). See also Brendan Simms, “Walther von Reichenau—Der politische General,” in Die Militärelite des Dritten Reiches, Ronald Smesler and Enrico Syring, eds. (Berlin: Ullstein, 1995), pp. 423–45. Timm Richter is also writing a dissertation on Reichenau.

711

GRGG 161, TNA, WO 208/4363

712

SRGG 83, 29 May 1943, TNA, WO 208/4165.

713

SRGG 578, 21 November 1943, TNA, WO 208/4167.

714

Neitzel, Abgehört, p. 446.

715

SRX 2029, 25 October 1944, TNA, WO 208/4164.

716

SRX 36, 14 February 1940, TNA, WO 208/4158.

717

SRA 224, 26 July 1940, TNA, WO 208/4118.

718

SRA 258, 1 August 1940, TNA, WO 208/4118.

719

SRM 149, 7 December 1942, TNA, WO 208/4136.

720

SRX 1955, 23 February1944, TNA, WO 208/4164. See also SRA 705, 8 October 1940, TNA, WO 208/4120.

721

Neitzel, Einsatz der deutschen Luftwaffe, p. 40.

722

Murawski, Wehrmachtbericht, p. 42.

723

Clay Blair, Der U-Boot-Krieg, Vol. 2 (Munich: Bechtermuenz, 1999), pp. 738, 778.

724

For example, Wochenschau, 21 October 1942.

725

Alberto Santoni, “The Italian Submarine Campaign,” in The Battle of the Atlantic, 1939–1945, Stephen Howarth and Derel Law, eds. (London: Greenhill, 1994), pp. 329–32.

726

SRN 4797, 31 March 1945, TNA, WO 208/4157.

727

SRA 2996, 14 August 1942, TNA, WO 208/4127.

728

SRN 129, 15 November 1940, TNA, WO 208/4141. See also SRA 2178, 1 October 1941, TNA, WO 208/4125.

729

SRA 5777, 1 February 1945, TNA, WO 208/4135. There were many variations on the joke about Göring’s fondness for decorations. See Hans-Jochen Gamm, Der Flüsterwitz im Dritten Reich: Mündliche Dokumente zur Lage der Deutschen während des Nationalsozialismus (Munich: Piper, 1990), p. 165.

730

Amedeo Osti Guerrazzi, “Noi non sappiamo odiare” L´esercito italiano tra fascismo e democrazia (Turin: UTET Libera, 2010), p. 166.

731

SRIG 329, 17 October 1943, TNA, WO 208/4187. Ficalla was the commander of the 202nd Coastal Division and was captured on 21 July 1943 in Sicily. Salza was the chaplain of the 1st Italian Army and was captured on 1 May 1943 in Tunisia.

732

CSDIC Middle East No. 662(I), 5 January 1943, TNA, WO 208/5574.

733

SRIG 221, 11 August 1943, TNA, WO 208/4186.

734

CSDIC Middle East No. 626(I), 15 November 1942, TNA, WO 208/5574.

735

Italian soldiers were more interested in material rewards than decorations. A fighter pilot reported that he could earn 5,000 lire for every hit. CSDIC Middle East No. 488(I), 13 April 1942, TNA, WO 208/5518.

736

CSDIC Middle East No. 713(I), 23 March 1943, TNA, WO 208/5574.

737

See ISRM 49, 17 July 1943, TNA, WO 208/4188.

738

Even members of Italian elite units showed more emotion than average German soldiers. See the description of a pursuit involving depth charges by an officer of the Italian submarine MS Glauco . I/SRN 76, 29 July 1941, TNA, WO 208/4189.

739

I/SRN 68, 24 July 1941, TNA, WO 208/4189.

740

CSDIC Middle East No. 489(I), 14 April 1942. See also CSDIC Middle East No. 471(I), 25 March 1942, TNA, WO 208/5518.

741

CSDIC AFHQ No. 58(I), 31 August 1943, TNA, WO 208/5508.

742

Ibid.

743

I/SRN 70, 24 July 1941; I/SRN 90, 18 August 1941, TNA, WO 208/4189.

744

I/SRN 65, 20 July 1941. See I/SRN 88, TNA, WO 208/4189.

745

See I/SRN 54, 15 January 1941; I/SRN 72, 25 July 1941; I/SRN 97, 25 August 1941, TNA, WO 208/4189.

746

SRIG 138, 17 July 1943, TNA, WO 208/4186.

747

Michael E. Stevens, Letters from the Front, 1898–1945 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1992), p. 135.

748

Ulrich Straus, The Anguish of Surrender: Japanese POW’s of World War II (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003), p. 48ff.

749

Hirofumi Hayashi, “Japanese Deserters and Prisoners of War in the Battle of Okinawa,” in Prisoners of War, Prisoners of Peace: Captivity: Homecoming and Memory in World War II, Barbara Hately-Broad and Bob Moore, eds. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 54. Findings in Burma are similar. See Takuma Melber, “Verhört: Alliierte Studien zu Moral und Psyche japanischer Soldaten im Zweiten Weltkrieg,” in Welzer, Neitzel, and Gudehus, eds., “Der Führer.”

750

Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, 1999), p. 215.

751

SRM 1022, 15 November 1944, TNA, WO 208/4139.

752

For the most recent research on the Waffen SS, see Martin Cüppers, Wegbereiter der Shoah: Die Waffen-SS, der Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS und die Judenvernichtung, 1939–1945 (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005); Carlo Gentile, Wehrmacht, Waffen-SS und Polizei im Kampf gegen Partisanen und Zivilbevölkerung in Italien, 1943–1945 (Paderborn: Schoeningh Verlag, 2011); Lieb, Konventioneller Krieg ; René Rohrkamp, Weltanschaulich gefestigte Kämpfer: Die Soldaten der Waffen-SS, 1933–1945: Organisation—Personal—Sozialstruktur (Paderborn: Schoeningh Verlag, 2010); and above all, Jean-Luc Leleu, La Waffen-SS : Soldats politiques en Guerre (Paris: Editions Perrin, 2007). See also Jochen Lehnhardt, “Die Waffen-SS in der NS-Propaganda” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Mainz, 2011).