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Sönke Neitzel - Soldaten

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Название:
Soldaten
Автор:
Sönke Neitzel
Издательство:
Alfred A. Knopf
Жанр:
История / nonf_military / на английском языке
Год:
2012
Город:
New York
ISBN:
978-0307958129
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In 2001, spurred by a nagging curiosity over a transcript of a secretly recorded conversation he had come across in his research on the German U-boat wars, historian Sönke Neitzel paid a visit to the British national archives. He had heard of the existence of recorded interrogations of German POWs, but never about covert recordings taken within the confines of the holding cells, bedrooms, and camps that housed the prisoners. What Neitzel discovered, to his amazement, were reams of untouched, recently declassified transcripts totaling nearly eight hundred pages. Later, Neitzel would find another trove of protocols twice as extensive at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.
Though initially recorded by British intelligence with the intention of gaining information that might be useful for the Allied war effort, the matters discussed in these conversations ultimately proved to be limited in that regard. But for Neitzel and his collaborator, renowned social psychologist Harald Welzer, they would supply a unique and profoundly important window into the mentality of the soldiers in the Wehrmacht, the Luftwaffe, the German navy, and the military in general, almost all of whom had insisted on their own honorable behavior during the war. It is a myth these transcripts unequivocally debunk.
Soldaten
Soldaten

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582

KTB OKW, Vol. 3, p. 465.

583

POW officers Werner Heuer and Adolf Hempel agreed in conversation that the command to fight to the last man should not be taken literally. Room Conversation, Heuer–Hempel, 26 October 1944, NARA, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 484.

584

SRGG 844, 24 February 1944, TNA, WO 208/4168.

585

SRX 1798, 1799, 23 June 1943; SRX 1806, 24 June 1943, TNA, WO 208/4163. See also SRGG 252, 18 July 1943, TNA, WO 208/4165.

586

Fröhlich, ed., Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, 29 June 1944, p. 567.

587

See Horst Boog, Gerhard Krebs, and Detlef Vogel, eds., Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Vol. 7 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2001), p. 463, FN 42. See also Nikolaus Meier, “Warum Krieg? Die Sinndeutung des Krieges in der deutschen Militärelite, 1871–1945” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Zurich, 2010), pp. 297–304.

588

Boog, Krebs, and Vogel, eds. Das Deutsche Reich, Vol. 7, p. 469.

589

Hans-Günther Kluge to Hitler, 21 July 1944, BA-MA, RH 19 IX/8.

590

John Zimmermann, Pflicht zum Untergang: Die deutsche Kriegführung im Westen des Reiches, 1944/45 (Paderborn: Schoeningh Verlag, 2009).

591

Ibid., esp. pp. 282–323.

592

SRX 1965, 9 July 1944, TNA, WO 208/4164.

593

The situation was the same on the Eastern and Western fronts. On 30 June 1941 some two hundred men from the Army Group South were captured and killed by Russian soldiers. Korpstagesbefehl KG III, AK, 3 July 1941; BA/MA, RH 27—14/2.

594

SRM 521, 8 June 1944, TNA, WO 208/4138. Gundlach directed the combat academy of the 716th Infantry Division, which offered training for noncommissioned officers. Little is known about him, but he must have been an infantry officer with combat experience. An account of the battle from the perspective of Private Josef Häger is contained in Cornelius Ryan, Der längste Tag: Normandie: 6. Juni 1944 (Frankfurt/Main: Heyne, 1976), pp. 190–93.

595

SRM 716, 31 July 1944, TNA, WO 208/4138.

596

SRM 622, 6 July 1944, TNA, WO 208/4138.

597

Radio Message, 27 June 1944, B. No. 1/Skl 19633/44 GKdos, BA/MA, RM 7/148.

598

SRN 3925, 10 July 1944, TNA, WO 208/4153.

599

SRM 639, 8 July 1944, TNA, WO 208/4138.

600

SRGG 1061, 24 September 1944, TNA, WO 208/4169; Welf Botho Elster, Die Grenzen des Gehorsams: Das Leben des Generalmajors Botho Henning Elster in Briefen und Zeitzeugnissen (Hildesheim: Olms, 2005).

601

For example, Friedrich Paulus in Stalingrad, Hans Aulock in Saint-Malo, and Bernhard Ramcke in Brest. See Sönke Neitzel, “Der Kampf um die deutschen Atlantik- und Kanalfestungen und sein Einfluß auf den alliierten Nachschub während der Befreiung Frankreichs, 1944/45,” in MGM 55 (Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, 1996), pp. 381–430.

602

SRN 3924, 8 July 1944, TNA, WO 208/4153.

603

SRN 3932, 11 July 1944, TNA, WO 208/4154.

604

SRGG 934, 1 July 1944, TNA, WO 208/4168.

605

Room Conversation, Bernzen-Almenröder, 11 February 1945, NARA, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 448.

606

SRN 3935, 11 July 1944, TNA, WO 208/4154.

607

Neitzel, Abgehört, p. 83.

608

BA/MA, N 267/4, 11 November 1944.

609

SRM 160, 4 February 1943, TNA, WO 208/4136.

610

SRX 1548, 4 February 1943, TNA, WO 208/4162.

611

SRM 71, 20 November 1942, TNA, WO 208/4136.

612

Murawski, Wehrmachtbericht, p. 180.

613

Zagovec, “Gespräche mit der ‘Volksgemeinschaft,’” in particular, p. 358.

614

GRGG 270, 9 March 1945, TNA, WO 208/4177.

615

Günter Wegmann, Das Kriegsende zwischen Weser und Ems (Osnabrück: Verlag Wenner, 2000), p. 102ff.; Sönke Neitzel, “Der Bedeutungswandel der Kriegsmarine im Zweiten Weltkrieg,” in Rolf-Dieter Müller and Hans-Erich Volkmann, eds., Die Wehrmacht: Mythos und Realität, p. 263ff.

616

SRGG 1125, 27 January 1945, TNA, WO 208/4169.

617

GRGG 276, 25–27 March 1945, TNA, WO 208/4177.

618

SRM 1158, 2 January 1945, TNA, WO 208/4140.

619

Room Conversation, Neher–Glar, 19 September 1944, NARA, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 474.

620

SRGG 934, 1 July 1944, TNA, WO 208/4168.

621

SRGG 935, 2 July 1944, TNA, WO 208/4168.

622

SRM 539, 12 June 1944, TNA, WO 208/4138.

623

SRM 522, 9 June 1944, TNA, WO 208/4138.

624

SRGG 844, 24 February 1944, TNA, WO 208/4168.

625

See Room Conversation, Guetter-Tschitschko, 27 June 1944, NARA, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 477.

626

See ibid.

627

Kurt Böhme, Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in sowjetischer Hand: Eine Bilanz (Munich: Ernst & Werner GmbH, 1966), p. 49; Elke Scherstjanoi, Wege in die Kriegsgefangenschaft: Erinnerungen und Erfahrungen deutscher Soldaten (Berlin: Dietz, 2010) contains evidence of positive experiences from soldiers who fell into Soviet hands.

628

“Gedanken des Oberbefehlshabers der Kriegsmarine,” in Rahn and Schreiber, eds., Kriegstagebuch der Seekriegsleitung, Teil A, Vol. 1, p. 16.

629

See Michael Salewski, Die deutsche Seekriegsleitung, Vol. 1 (Frankfurt/Main: Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 1970), p. 164.

630

1. Skl No. 18142/43 g., 17 June 1943, BA/MA, RM 7/98. See also KTB Skl, Teil A, 17 August 1944, S. 417.

631

See Holger Afflerbach, “‘Mit wehender Fahne untergehen’: Kapitulationsverweigerung in der deutschen Marine,” VfZG 49 (2001), pp. 593–612.

632

Andreas Leipold, “Die Deutsche Seekriegsführung im Pazifik in den Jahren 1914 und 1915” (Ph.D. disseration, University of Bayreuth, 2010).

633

Lagevorträge des Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine var Hitler 1939–1945 (26 March 1945), Gerhard Wagner, ed. (Munich: Lehmanns, 1972), p. 686.

634

Cited in Rolf-Dieter Müller and Gerd R. Ueberschär, Kriegsende 1945: Die Zerstörung des Deutschen Reiches (Frankfurt/Main: Primu Verlag, 1994), p. 175.

635

“Die Invasion”: Erlebnisbericht und Betrachtungen eines T-Boot-Fahrers auf “Möwe,” BA/MA, RM 8/1875; Clay Blair, Der U-Boot-Krieg, Vol. 2 (Munich: Bechtermuenz, 2001), p. 679.

636

Address of the Japanese ambassador, General Hiroshi Oshima, during ceremonies at the Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium, 25 November 1944, PAAA, R 61405.