James Mann - The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan

14 Author interview with Thomas Simons, May 17, 2006.

1 This account is taken from interviews with John C. Kornblum on September 26, 2005, and June 6, 2006, as well as from Kornblum’s own published account. See John C. Kornblum, “Reagan’s Brandenburg Concerto,” The American Interest , Summer (May/June) 2007, 25-32.

2 Author interview with Thomas Griscom, April 12, 2005.

3 Peter Robinson, How Ronald Reagan Changed My Life (New York: ReganBooks, 2003), 9-12.

4 Author interviews with Peter Robinson, February 16, 2005, and November 1, 2006.

5 Berlin Initiative, office files of Nelson Ledsky, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library; see, for example, “Berlin Mayor Diepgen and Soviet Ambassador Kochemassov Discuss April 30 Festamt,” Cable 161547Z, April 1987.

6 Robinson, How Ronald Reagan , 96.

7 “Presidential June 12 Berlin Speech,” March 6, 1987.

8 Author interview with Dieter and Ingeborg Elz, September 29, 2007.

9 Notes of dinner in West Berlin provided to author by Peter Robinson.

10 Dimitri K. Simes, “Tearing Down the Berlin Wall,” Washington Post , March 1, 1987, D-5.

11 Robinson notebook.

12 Author interview with Eberhard Diepgen, October 12, 2005.

13 Author interview with John Kornblum, September 20, 2005.

1 Author interviews with Anthony Dolan, June 21, 2006, and Peter Robinson, November 1, 2005.

2 These documents are taken from Peter Robinson drafts in Ronald Reagan Presidential Library: Berlin (undated); Brandenburg II (undated); May 20, 1987 draft of Presidential Address at Brandenburg Gate.

3 Author interviews with Thomas Simons, May 17, 2006, and Rozanne Ridgway, June 20, 2005.

4 State Department cable E.O. 12356, May 20, 1987, “Presidential Initiative on Berlin,” in Nelson Ledsky Files, Box 92169, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

5 Memo from Grant S. Green, Jr., “Presidential Initiative on Berlin,” May 8, 1987, in files of Colin Powell, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

6 Author interview with John Kornblum, June 6, 2006.

7 Richard A. Viguerie, “Hello Baker, Bye-bye Reagan: In the End, the Washington Establishment Always Wins,” Washington Post , March 15, 1987, C-5.

8 Author interview with Thomas Griscom, April 12, 2005.

9 Ibid.

10 Author interview with Dana Rohrabacher, May 5, 2005.

11 Author interview with Peter Robinson, November 1, 2006; Peter Robinson, How Ronald Reagan Changed My Life (New York: ReganBooks, 2003), 99- 100.

12 Author interview with Frank Carlucci, January 19, 2005.

13 Colin Powell, My American Journey (New York: Ballantine Books, 1995), 321-22.

14 “NSC Comments on Berlin Speech (5/21/87-12:00 noon draft),” Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, WHORM files SP1140, 501964.

15 “26 May to Amb. Ridgway,” White House Staff and Office Files of Colin Powell, Box 92476 (5), Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

1 Front-page photos, Berliner Zeitung , May 28 and 29, 1987.

2 Author interview with Egon Krenz, November 17, 2005.

3 Anatoly S. Chernyaev, My Six Years With Gorbachev (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 87.

4 Author interview with Anatoly Adamishin, April 10, 2008.

5 Jack F. Matlock, Jr., Autopsy on an Empire (New York: Random House, 1995), 61-66; Celestine Bohlen, “Gorbachev Says Democracy Will Strengthen Nation,” Washington Post , February 26, 1987, A32.

6 Michael T. Kaufman, “Glasnost Upsetting to Soviet Allies,” New York Times , April 5, 1987, Section 4, 4.

7 Ibid.

8 Charles S. Maier, Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 155; “E. Germany Won’t Copy Gorbachev,” Journal of Commerce , April 10, 1987, 4A.

9 Author interview with Frank Herold, November 14, 2005.

10 Author interview with Bettina Urbanski, November 14, 2005.

11 Author interview with Lothar de Maizière, October 18, 2005.

12 Voitech Mastny and Malcolm Byrne, eds., A Cardboard Castle? An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact, 1955-1991 (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2005), 563-64.

13 Chernyaev, My Six Years , 105.

14 Robert M. Gates, From the Shadows (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 423.

15 Matlock, Autopsy on an Empire , 139.

16 Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence (New York: Times Books, 1995), 631.

17 Mastny and Byrne, A Cardboard Castle? 559-60.

18 An excellent account of Rust’s trip is in Michael Dobbs, Down With Big Brother (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 179-82.

19 Stenographic record of the meeting of party secretaries, May 29, 1987, in Mastny and Byrne, A Cardboard Castle? 566-67.

20 Dobrynin, In Confidence , 632.

21 Chernyaev, My Six Years , 119.

1 “May 27, 1989, Memorandum to Rhett Dawson From Grant Green,” WHORM Files SP 1150, 501694, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

2 Memo, May 27, 1987, from Rozanne L. Ridgway to Colin Powell, “President’s Berlin Speech,” obtained from State Department under Freedom of Information Act.

3 Author interview with Peter Rodman, April 25, 2005.

4 “NSC Changes to Robinson Draft of May 29, 1987, 9:00 a.m.,” Speechwriting Records, Office Records OA 18094-18100, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

5 “NSC Changes Recommended to Robinson Draft of May 27, 1987, 1:30 p.m.” and Colin L. Powell Memorandum for Tom Griscom, June 1, 1987, WHORM files SP1150, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

6 Author interviews with Peter Robinson, November 1, 2006; Thomas Griscom, April 12, 2005; and Colin Powell, November 2, 2006.

7 Griscom interview; author interview with George Shultz, February 16, 2005.

8 Author interviews with Kenneth Duberstein, July 11, 2002, and June 24, 2005.

1 Rodman memo to Powell, June 3, 1987, WHORM files SP 1150, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

2 Ibid.

3 Author interview with Hildegard Boucsein, former assistant to Eberhard Diepgen, October 10, 2005; author interview with Eberhard Diepgen, October 12, 2005.

4 Author interview with Walter Ischinger, June 15, 2005.

5 Robert J. McCartney, “Kohl Calls on East Germans to Tear Down Wall,” Washington Post , May 1, 1987, A10.

6 George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1993), 550.

7 Author interview with Horst Teltschik, October 5, 2005.

8 Author interviews with John Kornblum, September 20, 2005, and June 6, 2006.

9 Author interview with Egon Krenz, November 17, 2005.

10 Krenz interview.

11 Diepgen interview.

12 State Department cable “The Inner-German Merry-Go-Round,” May 12, 1987, in Nelson Ledsky Files, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

13 “East German Rock-Music Fans Throw Stones at Police,” Associated Press, June 7, 1987; Ingomar Schwelz, “Police Battle with East Berlin Rock Fans Near Berlin Wall,” Associated Press, June 8, 1987; Robert J. McCartney, “East German Rock Fans, Police Clash,” Washington Post , June 9, 1987, A1.

14 Anna Christensen, “East German Authorities Deny Police Clashed With Youths,” Associated Press, June 9, 1987.

15 State Department Cable, “The East Berlin Disturbances and the President’s Brandenburg Gate Speech,” June 10, 1987, obtained from State Department under Freedom of Information Act.