James Mann: The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan

20 Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph , 904.

1 Don Oberdorfer, The Turn (New York: Poseidon Press, 1991), 217.

2 Politburo meeting, February 26, 1987, INF document collection, National Security Archive.

3 George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph , (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1993), 896-99.

4 Richard M. Nixon and Henry A. Kissinger, “An Arms Agreement—on Two Conditions,” Washington Post , April 26, 1987, D-7.

5 Richard M. Nixon, Memorandum to the File, April 28, 1987, Richard Nixon Library.

6 Ibid.

7 Ibid.

8 Brent Scowcroft, “Fewer Is Not Better,” Washington Post , April 20, 1987, A-15.

9 Author interview with Brent Scowcroft, May 26, 2006.

10 Nixon memorandum, April 28, 1987.

11 Nixon and Kissinger, “An Arms Agreement.”

12 Author interview with Jack Matlock, September 18, 2007.

13 Ronald Reagan, The Reagan Diaries (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 495.

14 Serge Schmemann, “West German Parliament Backs Plan on Medium-Range Missiles,” New York Times , June 5, 1987, A-2.

15 Author’s Matlock interview; Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), 686; Robert J. McCartney, “Bonn Pledges to Scrap Missiles if U.S., Soviets Agree on Treaty,” Washington Post , August 26, 1987, A-1.

1 George Shultz, “The Shape, Scope and Consequences of the Age of Information,” speech delivered in Paris, March 21, 1986; Shultz, “Western Leadership and the Global Economy,” speech delivered in Washington, D.C., April 28, 1988, from U.S. Department of State.

2 Michael Lang, “Globalization and Its History,” The Journal of Modern History 78 (December 2006), 903.

3 This account is based upon interviews with George Shultz, February 16, 2005, and Richard D. Kauzlarich, June 21, 2005, as well as memos and charts supplied by Mr. Kauzlarich. See also George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1993), 891-93,

4 Author interview with Richard Solomon, April 18, 2005.

5 Stephen Kotkin, Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse 1970-2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 15-16.

6 Anatoly S. Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 9.

7 Vladislav M. Zubok, A Failed Empire (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 288-91.

8 Pavel Palazchenko, My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 64.

9 Chernyaev, My Six Years , 84.

10 Kiron K. Skinner, Annelise Anderson, and Martin Anderson, eds., Reagan: In His Own Hand (New York, Touchstone/Simon & Schuster, 2001), 12, 147; Reagan letter to George Murphy, December 19, 1985, White House correspondence files, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

11 Author’s Shultz interview.

12 Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence (New York: Times Books, 1995), 644.

13 Politburo meeting, April 16, 1987, INF document collection, National Security Archive; Mikhail Gorbachev, Memoirs (New York: Doubleday, 1996), 440.

14 Author interview with Jeane Kirkpatrick, March 3, 2005.

15 Peter Schweizer, Victory (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994), passim.

16 Thomas C. Reed, At the Abyss (New York: Ballantine Books, 2004), 266-69. The phrase “old shoes” had been originally used by William Safire.

17 Jack C. Matlock, Reagan and Gorbachev (New York: Random House, 2004), 75.

18 Caspar Weinberger, oral interview, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, November 19, 2002.

19 Richard Pipes, Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), 201-2.

20 Reed, At the Abyss , 271.

21 Author’s Kirkpatrick interview.

22 Steven Kotkin, Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse 1970-2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 2.

23 For an extended version of this argument, see Zubok, A Failed Empire , 305-6.

24 Author interview with Frank Carlucci, January 19, 2005; interview with Helmut Kohl, September 27, 2007.

1 “Talking Points for Senator Baker, Conversation with Secretary Shultz,” September 8, 1987, White House Staff and Office Files, Howard Baker, Series I, Subject Box 2, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

2 Author interview with Colin Powell, November 2, 2006.

3 Memo, “Options for Gorbachev’s Visit,” September 23, 1987, White House Staff and Office Files, Files of Kenneth Duberstein, Subject File Index, Box 1, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

4 Mikhail Gorbachev letter to Ronald Reagan, September 15, 1987, at Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

5 White House documents, “Remarks on the Outcome of the Soviet-United States Diplomatic Talks,” September 18, 1987, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

6 George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1993), 988. Henry A. Kissinger, “A New Era for NATO,” Newsweek , October 12, 1987, 57.

7 “Informal Exchange with Reporters, October 19, 1987,” Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

8 Author interview with Richard Armitage, July 13, 2006.

9 Jay Winik, On the Brink (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 488, 583-84.

10 William Safire, “Secrets of the Summit,” New York Times , December 6, 1987, Section 4, 31; Lou Cannon, “Reagan’s Arms Control Dream Is Nightmare for Conservatives,” Washington Post , October 30, 1987, A-1; Howard Phillips, “The Treaty: Another Sellout,” New York Times , December 11, 1987, A-39.

11 Philip Taubman, “After 52 Days and Many Rumors, Gorbachev Reappears at Kremlin,” New York Times , September 30, 1987, A-1.

12 Mikhail Gorbachev, Memoirs , Doubleday, New York, 1995, pp. 242-4.

13 Author interview with Egon Krenz, Nov. 17, 1995.

14 Author interview with Hans-Otto Bräutigam, Oct. 11, 2005; Serge Schmemann, “Honecker Visit to West Stirs More Curiosity Than Passion,” New York Times , Sept. 13, 1987; Robert J. McCartney, “Bonn Receives E. German Leader,” Washington Post , Sept. 8, 1987, A-13.

15 Schmemann, op. cit., interview with Horst Teltschik, Dec. 7, 2005.

16 Author interview with Hans-Otto Bräutigam, Elizabeth Pond, “German Leaders Agree to Disagree,” Christian Science Monitor , September 9, 1987.

17 The most extensive accounts of this meeting are in Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph , 995-1002; Don Oberdorfer, The Turn (New York: Poseidon Press, 1991), 246-57; and Pavel Palazchenko, My Years With Gorbachev and Shevardnadze (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 70-76.

18 “Radio Address to the Nation on the Economy and Soviet-United States Relations,” October 24, 1987, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

19 Gorbachev letter to Reagan, October 28, 1987, INF document collection, National Security Archive.

20 Gorbachev, Memoirs , 446.

21 Author’s Powell interview.

1 Pat Towell, “Before the Ink Is Dry,” Congressional Quarterly , December 5, 1987, http://library.cqpress.com/cqweekly/WR100402273. Norman D. Sandler, “Summit Ends, Salesmanship Begins,” United Press International, December 11, 1987.

2 Tim Ahern, “Lawmakers Sharpen Arms-Control Rhetoric,” Associated Press, December 4, 1987; Pat Towell, “Waiting for the INF Treaty: Political Jockeying,” Congressional Quarterly , September 5, 1987, http://library.cqpress.com/cqweekly/WR100401692; George F. Will, “The Cult of Arms Control,” Washington Post , December 6, 1987, D-7.