Сергей Плохий - Chernobyl

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Chernobyl: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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From a preeminent historian of Eastern Europe, the definitive history of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster
On the morning of April 26, 1986, Europe witnessed the worst nuclear disaster in history: the explosion of a reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Soviet Ukraine. Dozens died of radiation poisoning, fallout contaminated half the continent, and thousands fell ill.
In Chernobyl, Serhii Plokhy draws on new sources to tell the dramatic stories of the firefighters, scientists, and soldiers who heroically extinguished the nuclear inferno. He lays bare the flaws of the Soviet nuclear industry, tracing the disaster to the authoritarian character of Communist party rule, the regime's control of scientific information, and its emphasis on economic development over all else.
Today, the risk of another Chernobyl looms in the mismanagement of nuclear power in the developing world. A moving and definitive account, Chernobyl is also an urgent call to action.

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5. Volodymyr Iavorivs'kyi, Mariia z polynom u kintsi stolittia (Kyiv, 1988) (Journal publication, 1987); Oles' Honchar, Lysty (Kyiv, 2008), 301.

6. Nikolai Galushko, head of the Ukrainian KGB, to Volodymyr Yavorivsky, head of the Chernobyl Commission of the Ukrainian parliament, “O nekotorykh problemakh likvidatsii posledstvii avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AĖS,” May 23, 1991, 5, Archive SBU, fond 16, op. 1, no. 1129; Volodymyr Iavorivs'kyi, “Usi my zhertvy i vynuvattsi katastrofy,” Oikumena , no. 2 (1991); Volodymyr Iavorivs'kyi, “Pravda Chornobylia: kolo pershe,” Oikumena , no. 5 (1991); Volodymyr Iavorivs'kyi, “Khto zapalyv zoriu Polyn?” Nauka i suspil'stvo , no. 9 (1991).

7. “Briukhanov—menia privezli k mestu predpolagaemogo stroitel'stva,” Pripiat.com , http://pripyat.com/people-and-fates/bryukhanov-menya-privezli-k-mestu-predpolagaemogo-stroitelstva-les-pole-i-snegu-po-.

8. Vladimir Shunevich, “Viktor Briukhanov: Iz partii menia iskliuchili priamo na zasedanii Politbiuro TsK KPSS,” Fakty , July 7, 2012; Anatolii Diatlov, Chernobyl': Kak ėto bylo (Moscow, 2003), chapter 5.

9. INSAG-7: Chernobyl'skaia avariia. Dopolnenie k INSAG-1 . Doklad mezhdunarodnoi konsul'tativnoi gruppy po iadernoi bezopasnosti (Vienna, 1993).

10. N. P. Baranovskaia, Ispytanie Chernobylem (Kyiv, 2016), 221–222. Aleksandr Liashko, Gruz pamiati: Vospominaniia , vol. 3, Na stupeniakh vlasti , part 2 (Kyiv, 2001), 436, 439–440.

11. “Soglashenie o sozdanii Sodruzhestva nezavisimykh gosudarstv,” in Rspad SSSR: Dokumenty i fakty (1986–1992) , vol. 1, ed. Sergei Shakhrai (Moscow, 2009), 1028–1031; Plokhy, The Last Empire , 295–387.

12. “Verkhovna rada Ukraïny, Stenohrama plenarnoho zasidannia,” December 11, 1991, http://static.rada.gov.ua/zakon/skl1/BUL14/111291_46.htm.

13. Liashko, Gruz pamiati , vol. 3, part 2, 442–454.

14. “Ugolovnoe delo protiv rukovoditelei Ukrainy: Chernobyl'skaia avariia. Chast' 4,” Khroniki i kommentarii ; April 21, 2011, https://operkor.wordpress.com/2011/04/21; Alla Iaroshinskaia, Chernobyl' 20 let spustia. Prestuplenie bez nakazaniia (Moscow, 2006), 464–492; Natalia Baranovs'ka, “Arkhivni dzherela vyvchennia Chornobyl's'koï katastrofy,” Arkhivy Ukrainy , nos. 1–6 (2006): 170–184.

15. Pekka Sutella, “The Underachiever: The Ukrainian Economy Since 1991,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, March 9, 2012, http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/09/underachiever-ukraine-s-economy-since-1991#.

16. Volodymyr Iavorivs'kyi, “Same z kniahyni Ol'hy ia b pochynav istoriiu Ukraïny,” Vechirnii Kyiv , May 2, 2016; Baranovskaia, Ispytanie Chernobylem , 185–192; Adriana Petryna, “Chernobyl's Survivors: Paralyzed by Fatalism or Overlooked by Science?” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (2011); Adriana Petryna, Life Exposed: Biological Citizens After Chernobyl (Princeton, NJ, 2002), 4, 23–25.

17. V. P. Udovychenko, “Ukraina—svit—Chornobyl: Problemy i perspektyvy,” in Naukovi ta tekhnichni aspekty mizhnarodnoho spivrobitnytstva v Chornobyli , vol. 3 (Kyiv, 2001), 664–665.

CHAPTER 21: GLOBAL SHELTER

1. Yuri Shcherbak, The Strategic Role of Ukraine: Diplomatic Addresses and Lectures (Cambridge, MA, 1998); Serhii Plokhy, The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union (New York, 2014), 175–179.

2. Bohdan Harasymiw, Post-Communist Ukraine (Edmonton, 2002), Taras Kuzio, Ukraine: State and Nation Building (London, 1998); Kataryna Wolczuk, The Molding of Ukraine: The Constitutional Politics of State Formation (Budapest, 2001); Serhii Plokhy, The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine (New York, 2015), 323–336.

3. Iurii Kostenko, Istoriia iadernoho rozzbroiennia Ukraïny (Kyiv, 2015), 369–399; Steven Greenhouse, “Ukraine Votes to Become a Nuclear-Free Country,” New York Times , November 17, 1994; Khristina Lew, “Ukraine’s President Arrives for State Visit in the U.S.: U.S. Promises Additional $200 Million in Assistance,” Ukrainian Weekly , November 27, 1994, 1; “For the Record: President Clinton’s Remarks Welcoming President Kuchma,” in ibid., 3; “Ukraine, Nuclear Weapons and Security Assurances at a Glance,” Arms Control Association, https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Ukraine-Nuclear-Weapons.

4. “Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances,” Council on Foreign Relations, December 5, 1994, www.cfr.org/nonproliferation-arms-control-and-disarmament/budapest-memorandums-security-assurances-1994/p32484; “Ukrainian Parliament Appeals to the Budapest Memorandum Signatories,” Interfax Ukraine , February 28, 2014, http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193360.html; Editorial Board, “Condemnation Isn’t Enough for Russian Actions in Crimea,” Washington Post , February 28, 2014; Thomas D. Grant, “The Budapest Memorandum and Beyond: Have the Western Parties Breached a Legal Obligation?” European Journal of International Law , February 18, 2015, www.ejiltalk.org/the-budapest-memorandum-and-beyond-have-the-western-parties-breached-a-legal-obligation.

5. “Joint Summit Statement by President Clinton and President of Ukraine Leonid D. Kuchma,” White House, Office of the Press Secretary, November 22, 1994, http://fas.org/spp/starwars/offdocs/j941122.htm.

6. Robert G. Darst, Smokestack Diplomacy: Cooperation and Conflict in East-West Environmental Politics (Cambridge, MA, 2001), 164–167.

7. Ibid., 177; “Ukraine: Chernobyl Plant Could Be Closed Down,” Associated Press, April 13, 1995, www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/f4d94438a4ca1ea9d078a2472ea6612e; Marta Kolomayets, “Ukraine to Shut Down Chornobyl by 2000,” Ukrainian Weekly , April 16, 1995, 1, 4.

8. Adriana Petryna, Life Exposed: Biological Citizens After Chernobyl (Princeton, NJ, 2002), 92–93.

9. “Halifax G-7 Summit Communiqué,” June 16, 1995, www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/1995halifax/communique/index.html; “Chernobyl Closure Agreed, But Who Foots the Bill?” Moscow Times , April 15, 1995; “Talks Open on Pulling Plug on Plant,” Reuters, November 2, 1955.

10. “Memorandum of Understanding Between the Governments of the G-7 Countries and the Commission of the European Communities and the Government of Ukraine on the Closure of the Chernobyl Nuclear Plant,” University of South Carolina Research Computing Facility, http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~meshkati/G7.html.

11. Darst, Smokestack Diplomacy , 179–180.

12. Svetlana Samodelova, “Lichnaia katastrofa direktora Chernobylia,” Moskovskii komsomolets , April 21, 2011.

13. Darst, Smokestack Diplomacy , 181–183; “Nuclear Power in Ukraine,” World Nuclear Association, October 2016, www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/ukraine.aspx; “EBRD Approves K2R4 Loan—Campaign Continues,” Nuclear Monitor 540 (December 15, 2000), www.wiseinternational.org/nuclear-monitor/540/ebrd-approves-k2r4-loan-campaign-continues.

14. “Chernobyl'skaia AĖS: Desiat' let posle chasa ‘Ch,’ ” Gorod.cn.ua, December 20, 2010, www.gorod.cn.ua/news/gorod-i-region/22424-chernobylskaja-aes-desjat-let-posle-chasa-ch.html.

15. David Marples, “Nuclear Power Development in Ukraine: Déjà Vu?” New Eastern Europe , November 14, 2016, www.neweasterneurope.eu/articles-and-commentary/2186-nuclear-power-development-in-ukraine-deja-vu.

16. Paul Josephson, Nicolai Dronin, Ruben Mnatsakanian, Aleh Cherp, Dmitry Efremenko, and Vladislav Larin, An Environmental History of Russia (Cambridge, 2013), 267; “Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident: An Overview,” World Health Organization, April 2006, www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/chernobyl/backgrounder/en; Adriana Petryna, “Chernobyl's Survivors: Paralyzed by Fatalism or Overlooked by Science?” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (2011); Keith Baverstock and Dillwyn Williams, “The Chernobyl Accident 20 Years On: An Assessment of the Health Consequences and the International Response,” Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (September 2016): 1312–1317; Marples, “Nuclear Power Development in Ukraine: Déjà Vu?”

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