Сергей Плохий - Chernobyl

11. “Implications of the Chernobyl Disaster,” April 29, 1986.

12. “Nuclear Disaster: A Spreading Cloud and an Aid Appeal; U.S. Offers to Help Soviet in Dealing with Accident,” New York Times , April 30, 1986; Alex Brummer, “Reagan Offers U.S. Help,” Guardian , April 25, 2005, www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/25/nuclear.uk.

13. “Statement by Principal Deputy Press Secretary Speakes on the Soviet Nuclear Reactor Accident at Chernobyl,” May 1, 1986, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum, Public Papers of the President, www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1986/50186b.htm.

14. Luther Whitington, “Chernobyl Reactor Still Burning,” United Press International, April 29, 1986, www.upi.com/Archives/1986/04/29/Chernobyl-reactor-still-burning/9981572611428; “Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Disaster Creates Radiation Scare,” ABC News, April 30, 1986, http://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/chernobyl-disaster-nuclear-reactor-fallout-1986-9844065.

15. Vladimir Fronin, “To vzlet, to posadka,” in Chernobyl': Dni ispytanii i pobed , Kniga svidetel'stv (Kyiv, 1988), 125–129.

16. Schmemann, “Soviet Announces Nuclear Accident at Electric Plant”; Christopher Jarmas, “Nuclear War: How the United States and the Soviet Union Fought over Information in Chernobyl's Aftermath,” Vestnik , August 31, 2015, www.sras.org/information_chernobyl_us_ussr.

17. “Ot Soveta ministrov SSSR,” Pravda , April 30, 1986.

18. Stepan Mukha, head of the Ukrainian KGB, to the Central Committee in Kyiv, April 28, 1986, Archive SBU, fond 16, op. 1, no. 1113; Oles Honchar, Shchodennyky (1984–1995) (Kyiv, 2004), 90.

19. Stepan Mukha, head of the Ukrainian KGB, to Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, April 29, 1986, Archive SBU, fond 16, op. 1, no. 1113.

20. Stepan Mukha, head of the Ukrainian KGB, to the Central Committee in Kyiv, April 28, 1986, Archive SBU, fond 16, op. 1, no. 1113.

21. Lina Kushnir, “Valentyna Shevchenko: ‘Provesty demonstratsiiu 1-ho travnia 1986-ho nakazaly z Moskvy,’ ” Ukraïns'ka pravda , April 25, 2011.

22. KGB memo to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, April 28, 1986, TsDAHO, fond 1, op. 32, no. 2337; Chornobyl's'ka katastrofa v dokumentakh, faktakh ta doliakh liudei. MVS (Kyiv, 2006), 258; Aleksandr Kitral', “Gorbachev—Shcherbitskomu: Ne provedesh parad, sgnoiu!,” Komsomol'skaia pravda v Ukraine , April 26, 2011; Novoselova, “Nikolai Ryzhkov.”

23. “Ot Soveta ministrov SSSR,” Pravda , May 1, 1986.

24. Alla Iaroshinskaia, Chernobyl': Bol'shaia lozh' (Moscow, 2011), 313.

25. Volodymyr Viatrovych, “ ‘Cho eto oznachaet?’ Abo borot'ba SRSR iz radiatsiieiu,” in idem, Istoriia z hryfom sekretno (Kharkiv, 2014), 450–456. Cf. L. O. Dobrovol's'kyi, “Zakhody z likvidatsiï naslidkiv avariï na Chornobyl's'kii AES: Khronika podii,” Zhurnal z problem medytsyny pratsi , no. 1 (2011): 7.

26. Kitral', “Gorbachev—Shcherbitskomu”; Elena Sheremeta, “Rada Shcherbitskaia: Posle Chernobylia Gorbachev skazal Vladimiru Vasil'evichu,” Fakty , February 17, 2006.

27. Irina Lisnichenko, “Aleksandr Liashko: ‘Kogda Iavorivskii chital svoi doklad, ia stoial u groba docheri,’ ” Fakty , April 27, 2001.

28. See photos in Kushnir, “Valentyna Shevchenko.”

29. Natalia Petrivna, in Kseniia Khalturina, “Pervomai: Ot pervoi stachki ‘za rabotu’ do besplatnogo truda,” TopKyiv , May 1, 2016, https://topkyiv.com/news/pervomaj-ot-pervoj-stachki-za-rabotu-do-besplatnogo-truda-chto-otmechaem-segodnya.

30. Natalia Petrivna, in Kseniia Khalturina, “Pervomai: Ot pervoi stachki”; Natalia Morozova, quoted in report to the Ukrainian parliament by Volodymyr Yavorivsky, Minutes of the Session of the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet, December 11, 1991, http://rada.gov.ua/meeting/stenogr/show/4642.html.

31. Honchar, Shchodennyky , 91; Heorhii Ral’, quoted in report to the Ukrainian parliament by Volodymyr Yavorivsky, Minutes of the Session of the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet, December 11, 1991; Stepan Mukha, head of the Ukrainian KGB, to the Ukrainian Central Committee, Informatsionnoe soobshchenie, April 30, 1986, Archive SBU, fond 16, op. 1, no. 1113.

32. Galina Akkerman, “Gorbachev: Chernobyl' sdelal menia drugim chelovekom,” Novaia gazeta , March 2, 2006.

CHAPTER 12: EXCLUSION ZONE

1. Evgenii Pasishnichenko, “My na RAFe s migalkami,” Rabochaia gazeta , April 26, 2012.

2. Evgenii Chernykh, “Egor Ligachev: ‘Stranno konechno, chto Gorbachev ne s"ezdil v Chernobyl',’ ” Komsomol'skaia pravda , April 28, 2011; Aleksandr Liashko, Gruz pamiati: Vospominaniia , vol. 3, Na stupeniakh vlasti , part 2 (Kyiv, 2001), 358; Valerii Legasov, “Ob avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AĖS,” tape no. 1, Elektronnaluia biblioteka RoyalLib.Com, http://royallib.com/read/legasov_valeriy/ob_avarii_na_chernobilskoy_aes.html#0.

3. Liashko, Gruz pamiati , vol. 3, part 2, 358; Elena Novoselova, “Nikolai Ryzhkov: Razdalsia zvonok pravitel'stvennoi sviazi—na Chernobyle avariia,” Rossiiskaia gazeta , April 25, 2016.

4. Sergei Babakov, “S pred"iavlennymi mne obvineniiami ne soglasen …,” Zerkalo nedeli , August 29, 1999; Mariia Vasil', “Byvshii direktor ChAĖS Briukhanov: ‘Esli by nasli dlia menia rasstrel'nuiu stat'iu, to, dumaiu, menia rasstreliali by,’ ” Fakty , October 18, 2000; Liashko, Gruz pamiati , vol. 3, part 2, 359.

5. Interview with Borys Kachura, in Rozpad radians'koho Soiuzu: Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny , http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/360.

6. Novoselova, “Nikolai Ryzhkov”; O. H. Rohozhyn, “Naslidky chornobyl's'koï katastrofy dlia zony vidchuzhennia ta sil Polissia,” Informatsiinyi tsentr Polissia 2.0, November 2009, www.polissya.eu/2009/11/naslidki-chornobilskoi-katastrofi-zona.html.

7. Liashko, Gruz pamiati , vol. 3, part 2, 360.

8. Legasov, “Ob avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AĖES,” tape no. 1.

9. Vasyl' Syn'ko, “Chornobyl's'kyi rubets',” Sil's'ki visti , April 26, 2013.

10. Elena Sheremeta, “Vitalii Masol: My tikhonechko gotovilis' k ėvakuatsii Kieva,” Fakty , April 26, 2006; Syn'ko, “Chornobyl's'kyi rubets'.”

11. Yurii Petrov, “Za parolem ‘blyskavka’: Spohady uchasnykiv likvidatsiï naslidkiv avariï na Chornobyl's'kii AES,” in Z arkhiviv 16 (2001): 372–380; Pasishnichenko, “My na RAFe s migalkami.”

12. KGB Memo to the Ukrainian Central Committee, April 28, 1986, TsDAHO, fond 1, op. 32, no. 2337; “Ot Soveta ministrov SSSR,” Pravda , May 1, 1986; Anatolii Romanenko, Minister of Health of Ukraine, to the Ukrainian Central Committee, May 3 and 4, 1986, TsDAHO, fond 1, op. 25, no. 2996, fols. 11–12 and 17–18; “Materialy zasedanii operativnoi gruppy TsK Kompartii Ukrainy,” May 3, 1986, TsDAHO, fond 1, op. 17, no. 385.

13. “Materialy zasedanii operativnoi gruppy TsK Kompartii Ukrainy,” May 3, 1986, TsDAHO, fond 1, op. 17, no. 385; Maksym Drach, in Iurii Shcherbak, Chernobyl': Dokumental'noe povestvovanie (Moscow, 1991), 144–149.

14. Prapor peremohy , April 29, May 1, May 3, 1986.

15. “Materialy zasedanii operativnoi gruppy TsK Kompartii Ukrainy,” no. 1, May 3, and no. 2, May 4, 1986, TsDAHO, fond 1, op. 17, no. 385.

16. “Materialy zasedanii operativnoi gruppy TsK Kompartii Ukrainy,” May 4, 1986, TsDAHO, fond 1, op. 17, no. 385.

17. Zhores Medvedev, The Legacy of Chernobyl (New York, 1990), 57–59.