Christopher Tyerman - God's War - A New History of the Crusades
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- Название:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
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God's War: A New History of the Crusades: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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The result is a stunning reinterpretation of the Crusades, revealed as both bloody political acts and a manifestation of a growing Christian communal identity. Tyerman uncovers a system of belief bound by aggression, paranoia, and wishful thinking, and a culture founded on war as an expression of worship, social discipline, and Christian charity.
This astonishing historical narrative is imbued with figures that have become legends--Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus. But Tyerman also delves beyond these leaders to examine the thousands and thousands of Christian men--from Knights Templars to mercenaries to peasants--who, in the name of their Savior, abandoned their homes to conquer distant and alien lands, as well as the countless people who defended their soil and eventually turned these invaders back. With bold analysis, Tyerman explicates the contradictory mix of genuine piety, military ferocity, and plain greed that motivated generations of Crusaders. He also offers unique insight into the maturation of a militant Christianity that defined Europe's identity and that has forever influenced the cyclical antagonisms between the Christian and Muslim worlds.
Drawing on all of the most recent scholarship, and told with great verve and authority,
is the definitive account of a fascinating and horrifying story that continues to haunt our contemporary world.
From Publishers Weekly
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman (
), lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500. Abjuring sentimentality and avoiding clichés about a rapacious West and an innocent East, Tyerman focuses on the crusades' very human paradoxes: "the inspirational idealism; utopianism armed with myopia; the elaborate, sincere intolerance; the diversity and complexity of motive and performance." The reader marvels at the crusaders' inextinguishable devotion to Christ even while shuddering at their delight in massacring those who did not share that devotion. In the end, Tyerman says, what killed crusading was neither a lack of soldierly enthusiasm nor its failure to retain control of Jerusalem, but the loss of Church control over civil societies at home and secular authorities who felt that religion was not sufficient cause for war and that diplomacy was a more rational method of deciding international relations.
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience. 16 color illus.
Review
Christopher Tyerman has crafted a superb book whose majestic architecture compares with Runciman's classic study of the Crusades…He is an entertaining as well as reliable guide to the bizarre centuries-long episode in which Western Christianity willfully ignored its Master's principles of love and forgiveness.
--Diarmaid MacCulloch, author of This is a magisterial work. In
, the Crusades are not just emblematic episodes in a troubled history of Europe's encounter with Islam. Tyerman shows that they are, with all their contradictions—tragedy and tomfoolery, idealism and cynicism, piety and savagery—fundamentally and inescapably human.
--Paul M. Cobb, Associate Professor of Islamic History, Fellow of the Medieval Institute, University of Notre Dame
Tyerman's wonderful book is contemporary medieval history-writing at the top of its game. It is also the finest history of the Crusades that anyone has ever written, fully informed by its predecessors and by the excellent scholarship of the past half century. Trenchantly written on the grand scale and full of vivid detail, clear argument, and sharp judgment,
shows how the entire apparatus of crusade became tightly woven into European institutional and social life and consciousness, offering a highly original perspective on all of early European history and on European relations with non-Europeans. It shows no patience with ignorant mythologizing, modern condescension, or cultural instrumentalism.. In short, it constitutes a crusade history for the twenty-first century—and just in time.
--Edward M. Peters, Henry Charles Lea Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania
At a time when interest in the Middle East and the Crusades has reached a new height, Christopher Tyerman has made a significant contribution to the ever-growing shelves of books devoted to this subject. Tyerman's well-written book focuses heavily on the development of ideas about holy war from antiquity onward and on the crusade to the East from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. It is based on a careful reading of both primary and secondary sources and will prove an important resource for a broad audience of scholars, students, and general readers. The comparison with Runciman's history leaps out from the pages of this large volume and the temptation to address it will no doubt seduce others, but this volume is Tyerman through and through.
--James M. Powell, Professor Emeritus of Medieval History, Syracuse University
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman, lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500...
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience.
Challenging traditional conceptions of the Crusades, e.g., the failure to retain Jerusalem, Tyerman believes that it was the weakening of papal power and the rise of secular governments in Europe that finally doomed the crusading impulse. This is a marvelously conceived, written, and supported book.
--Robert J. Andrews
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Simon of Trier, martyr 285
slavery 3, 227, 230, 237, 307, 328, 371, 404, 657, 719
Smyrna 837, 843
Solomon bar Simsom 105
Song of Roland 50–51, 250, 654–5
Soqman of Mardin 186
Spain 13, 52
Speyer 100, 101
assembly at (1146–7) 281, 286, 287–8
Standard, battle of the (1138) 250
Stephen, count of Blois 59, 74, 87, 93, 106, 114, 115, 116–18, 122, 124, 130, 136, 140, 141, 142, 147, 161, 163–4, 171, 173–4, 175
Stephen, count of Burgundy 171
Stephen, king of England 255, 300, 454
Stephen, St, king of Hungary 10
Stephen II, pope 5
Stephen of Cloyes, leader of Children’s Crusade 610
Stephen of Neublans 253
Stephen of Valence, visionary 143, 144, 146
Stettin 307, 678, 680
Suger, abbot of St Denis 249, 277, 291–2, 335
al-Sulami, Damascene scholar 125, 181, 272, 650
Suleiman I, the Magnificent 844, 872
Suleiman ibn Kutulmush, sultan of Rum 127
Sven Aggeson, chronicler 682
Sverre, king of Norway 382
Swantopelk, duke of Danzig 701, 702
Sweyn III, king of Denmark, 305, 680, 681
Sweyn Godwinson 252
Swordbrothers of Livonia, Order of 257, 686, 688, 691–3, 695, 701, 704, 756, 840
Sybil, queen of Jerusalem 209, 341, 354, 357–65, 407, 429
Sylvester I, pope 5
Sylvester II (Gerbert), pope 6
Symeon, patriarch of Jerusalem 78–9
Tafurs, the, alleged crusading cannibals 150
Tagliacozzo, battle of (1268) 898
taifa kings of al-Andalus 657–9, 661
Tancred of Lecce, prince of Antioch 15, 20, 82, 87, 94, 111, 112, 113, 119, 120, 124, 131–2, 135, 137, 139, 142, 149–50, 152, 153, 155–8, 178–9, 186–7, 190, 194, 195, 197, 201, 202, 203, 219, 220, 221, 230
Tancred of Lecce, king of Sicily 394, 424, 441–2, 451, 489
Tannenberg (Grünwald), battle of (1410) 710
Tarragona 56, 263, 650, 662, 664
Tarsus 82, 131–2, 328
Tatikios, Byzantine general 114, 121, 130, 139–40, 147
Tatoul the Armenian 132
Tell Danith, battle of (1115) 187, 191, 272
‘Templar of Tyre’, the, chronicler and secret agent 720, 822
Templars, the Order of the Knights of the Temple of Solomon 28, 169, 179, 217, 250, 252, 253–7, 277, 296, 298, 299, 326–7, 329, 331, 334, 349, 354, 355, 367, 371, 444, 449, 457, 639, 665, 667, 686, 719–20, 726, 727, 729, 732–3, 748, 750, 752, 754, 768, 778, 792, 798, 822
reputation of 407, 497
trial and suppression of 706, 838–43
Teutonic Knights, Teutonic Order of the Hospital of St Mary in Jerusalem 257, 430, 494, 639, 668, 687, 688, 696, 698–711, 726, 727, 748, 752, 754, 838
annexed Livonia 693–4, 701
conquest of Prussia 698–705
critics of 706, 709–10, 838–41, 842
Theobald, count of Blois 255
Theobald II, count of Champagne 276
Theobald III, count of Champagne 503, 504–5, 506–7, 510, 514, 516, 517, 760
Theobald IV, count of Champagne 586, 669–70, 756–7, 775
his crusade 1239–40, 719, 757, 759–61, 764–7, 768–9
Theodore Lascaris, ruler of Nicaea 555
Theodwin, cardinal of St Rufina 294
Thessalonica 116
Thiemo, archbishop of Salzburg 175
Thierry, count of Flanders 218, 255, 280, 287, 290, 294, 295, 299, 317, 328, 333–4, 341
Thierry of Nussa, prior of English Hospitallers 758
Thietmar, pilgrim 240, 404
Thomas Aquinas 34, 256, 894
Thomas of Aquino, count of Acerra 744, 754
Thomas Balocz, archbishop of Esztergom 881–2
Thomas Beauchamp, earl of Warwick 708, 832
Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury 251, 356, 377, 396, 582, 624, 908
Thomas Malory, Morte d’Arthur 886
Thomas of Marle 87, 107, 248, 249
Thomas Walsingham, chronicler 833
Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester 709, 887
Thoros of Edessa 134, 202
Tiberias and the campaign of 1187 366–9, 372
Timur the Lame (Tamberlaine) 843–4, 847, 852, 856
Tinnis, Egyptian port 81, 630, 790
Tlaxcala, Mexico, crusade pageant at (1539) 672–3
Toledo 653, 659, 661
Tortosa (Spain) 316, 665
Tortosa (Syria) 175, 179, 196, 237, 405, 822
Tours 71, 74
Council of (1096) 74
towns 3, 42, 75, 77–8, 95, 101, 300, 309–10, 396, 412, 432, 608, 625, 704, 744, 878, 907–8
Travels of John Mandeville, The 887, 914–15
Trent, General Church Council at (from 1545) 873–4, 893
Tripoli (Lebanon) 152, 197, 223, 227, 403, 406, 732, 817
principality of 111, 190, 196–200, 212–40, 721
True/Holy Cross, the 35, 63, 70, 160, 217, 278, 371, 379, 384, 453, 455, 456, 468, 471, 557, 558, 610, 639, 657, 783, 879
Tughrul Beg, Seljuk sultan 126
Tughtegin, atabeg of Damascus 138, 192, 203, 204, 230
Tunis, and Louis IX’s second crusade 810–12
Turbessel (Tell-Bashir) 188–9, 225
Turcopoles 228, 356, 719
Turks 4, 11–13, 125, 126, 181, 213, 226–7, 320–21
leagues against 830, 836, 843, 845
Tutush, Seljuk ruler 127, 128, 129
Tyre 153, 179, 205, 206, 219–20, 223, 230, 237, 265–6, 372, 402–9, 413, 415, 454, 512, 515–16, 718, 726, 732, 822
Ubaldo, archbishop of Pisa, papal legate 402, 407, 429
Ulf of Lauvnes 382
Umar, caliph 51
Unur, ruler of Damascus 188, 198, 333, 334
Urban II, pope 7–8, 28, 31, 45, 47, 49–50, 54, 56, 107, 112, 118, 161, 172, 175, 243, 263, 480, 650, 655, 659, 662, 664, 907, 915
and First Crusade 7–8, 27, 44, 50, 57, 58–89, 92, 96, 106, 115, 119, 125, 148, 149, 152, 161, 164, 170, 245, 248, 258, 281, 296
Urban III, pope 374, 376, 417
Urban IV, pope 807, 896, 898
Urban V, pope 832, 843, 845, 889, 905
Urban VI, pope 698, 900–901
Usmah ibn Munqidh of Shaizar, raconteur 230, 233, 237–8
Valdemar I, king of Denmark 678, 681, 682, 683, 695
Valdemar II, king of Denmark 683, 692, 695–6
Valdemar IV, king of Denmark 696, 705
Valencia 20, 656, 659, 670–71
Vallembrosa, monks of 68, 72
Varangian guards 20, 82, 251, 534
Varna, crusade and battle of 847, 862–3
Vasil of Edessa 188
Vatican, the, Second General Council of the Church at 655
Veils, family of Anglo-Norman merchants 309, 310, 312
Venice, Venetians 3, 55, 179–81, 201, 402, 424, 440, 608, 615–16, 626–7, 631, 634–5, 706, 718, 727–8, 817, 820, 830, 837, 845, 854, 862–3, 866, 871
crusade of (1122–5) 265–6, 516
and Fourth Crusade 495, 501, 511–33, 537–56, 639
Treaty of (1201) 509, 510–16, 520–21, 540, 542
Vetheman of Roskilde, confraternity of 256
Vézelay 432
assembly at (1146) 276, 278–80, 489
agreement of (1190) 440, 442, 450, 453
Vienna, siege of (1529) 873
Vienne, General Council of the Church at (1311–12) 816, 829, 837, 841
Vikings 4, 15, 22, 37, 38, 39, 40, 147, 162, 380–81
Vincent of Prague 308, 336
visions 139, 143–6, 152, 156, 618–19
Vladimir, prince of Kiev 10
Volkmar, crusade leader 80, 99
Waleran of Wavrin 859
Wales, preaching tour of 1188 385–6, 396
Walo of Chaumont-en-Vexin 107
Walter of Boissy Sans Avoir (‘the Penniless’) 79, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99
Walter of Brienne 516
Walter the Chancellor, of Antioch, chronicler 195
Walter FitzWaleran of Breteuil 95, 97
Walter von der Vogelweide 351, 478–9
Welf IV, duke of Bavaria 171, 174
Welf VI, duke of Bavaria 282, 287, 288, 292
Wenceslas, king of Bohemia 10
Wends, western Baltic Slavs 263, 292–3, 674, 676–81
Wibald, abbot of Stavelot and Corvey 292, 293, 307, 333, 680
William, archbishop of Tyre 52, 195, 209–11, 212–40 passim, 328, 330, 333–4, 337, 343 et seq., 351, 357, 358–9, 361, 641, 913
Historia 209–10, 212–40 passim, 343, 347–64, 886, 887
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