Christopher Tyerman - God's War - A New History of the Crusades
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- Название:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
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God's War: A New History of the Crusades: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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The result is a stunning reinterpretation of the Crusades, revealed as both bloody political acts and a manifestation of a growing Christian communal identity. Tyerman uncovers a system of belief bound by aggression, paranoia, and wishful thinking, and a culture founded on war as an expression of worship, social discipline, and Christian charity.
This astonishing historical narrative is imbued with figures that have become legends--Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus. But Tyerman also delves beyond these leaders to examine the thousands and thousands of Christian men--from Knights Templars to mercenaries to peasants--who, in the name of their Savior, abandoned their homes to conquer distant and alien lands, as well as the countless people who defended their soil and eventually turned these invaders back. With bold analysis, Tyerman explicates the contradictory mix of genuine piety, military ferocity, and plain greed that motivated generations of Crusaders. He also offers unique insight into the maturation of a militant Christianity that defined Europe's identity and that has forever influenced the cyclical antagonisms between the Christian and Muslim worlds.
Drawing on all of the most recent scholarship, and told with great verve and authority,
is the definitive account of a fascinating and horrifying story that continues to haunt our contemporary world.
From Publishers Weekly
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman (
), lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500. Abjuring sentimentality and avoiding clichés about a rapacious West and an innocent East, Tyerman focuses on the crusades' very human paradoxes: "the inspirational idealism; utopianism armed with myopia; the elaborate, sincere intolerance; the diversity and complexity of motive and performance." The reader marvels at the crusaders' inextinguishable devotion to Christ even while shuddering at their delight in massacring those who did not share that devotion. In the end, Tyerman says, what killed crusading was neither a lack of soldierly enthusiasm nor its failure to retain control of Jerusalem, but the loss of Church control over civil societies at home and secular authorities who felt that religion was not sufficient cause for war and that diplomacy was a more rational method of deciding international relations.
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience. 16 color illus.
Review
Christopher Tyerman has crafted a superb book whose majestic architecture compares with Runciman's classic study of the Crusades…He is an entertaining as well as reliable guide to the bizarre centuries-long episode in which Western Christianity willfully ignored its Master's principles of love and forgiveness.
--Diarmaid MacCulloch, author of This is a magisterial work. In
, the Crusades are not just emblematic episodes in a troubled history of Europe's encounter with Islam. Tyerman shows that they are, with all their contradictions—tragedy and tomfoolery, idealism and cynicism, piety and savagery—fundamentally and inescapably human.
--Paul M. Cobb, Associate Professor of Islamic History, Fellow of the Medieval Institute, University of Notre Dame
Tyerman's wonderful book is contemporary medieval history-writing at the top of its game. It is also the finest history of the Crusades that anyone has ever written, fully informed by its predecessors and by the excellent scholarship of the past half century. Trenchantly written on the grand scale and full of vivid detail, clear argument, and sharp judgment,
shows how the entire apparatus of crusade became tightly woven into European institutional and social life and consciousness, offering a highly original perspective on all of early European history and on European relations with non-Europeans. It shows no patience with ignorant mythologizing, modern condescension, or cultural instrumentalism.. In short, it constitutes a crusade history for the twenty-first century—and just in time.
--Edward M. Peters, Henry Charles Lea Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania
At a time when interest in the Middle East and the Crusades has reached a new height, Christopher Tyerman has made a significant contribution to the ever-growing shelves of books devoted to this subject. Tyerman's well-written book focuses heavily on the development of ideas about holy war from antiquity onward and on the crusade to the East from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. It is based on a careful reading of both primary and secondary sources and will prove an important resource for a broad audience of scholars, students, and general readers. The comparison with Runciman's history leaps out from the pages of this large volume and the temptation to address it will no doubt seduce others, but this volume is Tyerman through and through.
--James M. Powell, Professor Emeritus of Medieval History, Syracuse University
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman, lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500...
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience.
Challenging traditional conceptions of the Crusades, e.g., the failure to retain Jerusalem, Tyerman believes that it was the weakening of papal power and the rise of secular governments in Europe that finally doomed the crusading impulse. This is a marvelously conceived, written, and supported book.
--Robert J. Andrews
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Isabella of Ibelin, lady of Beirut 728–9
Isabella I, queen of Jerusalem 357–65, 429, 454, 466, 492, 723–4, 725
Isabella II, queen of Jerusalem 612, 632, 724, 725, 741, 747
Isabella of Portugal, duchess of Burgundy 861
Isaac II Angelus, Byzantine emperor 418, 419–20, 422–5, 434, 490, 518, 537, 546–9
Isaac Comnenus, ruler of Cyprus 443–6, 451, 535
Isidore of Seville 663
Istanbul 865
see also Constantinople
Ivo, bishop of Chartres 236
Jacques de Molay, last Master of the Temple 840–42
Jaffa 153, 174, 179, 219, 221, 492, 494, 722, 724, 730, 748, 810
battle for (1192) 353, 470–71
treaty of (1192) 461, 471, 473, 483, 640, 715, 751
treaty of (1229) 745, 746, 751–2
James, apostle and saint 655, 657, 662–3
James I, king of Aragon 598, 670, 809, 810–11, 815–16
James of Avesnes 409, 412, 413, 416, 432, 459, 908
James Tedaldo, writer 860
James of Vitry, bishop of Acre 477, 479, 497, 499, 584, 608, 615, 618, 619–20, 626, 629, 641, 642, 736
Jarento, abbot of St Bénigne, Dijon 76
Jean Germain, bishop of Châlons 859–61, 866
Jerome, saint
Vulgate of 30, 572, 573
Jerusalem 12, 35, 49, 53, 58, 68–70, 75, 120, 129, 137, 149, 167–9, 740
and the conquest of the Americas 914–15
first kingdom of 60, 159, 160, 178–82, 197, 200–240, 354–74; representative assemblies in 355–6
as goal of First Crusade 63, 66–70, 81–2
as goal of Third Crusade 460–74
as stated goal of crusades 375–6, 473–4, 501–2, 524, 529–30, 540, 639–41, 794, 800
partition plans for 466–7, 469–70, 751–2
patriarchate of 4, 78, 218, 616
pilgrimages to 43, 55, 56, 65, 68–70, 74, 81–2, 83, 116, 167, 169, 180, 216–18, 221, 243–4, 251–3, 329, 330, 379, 662, 826
recovery of, plans and schemes for 827–34, 836, 840, 853–4, 855, 866, 870, 872, 881
second kingdom of 715–33, 764, 806–8, 813–22
siege and fall of (638) 51–2; (1099) 31, 60, 82–3, 117, 142, 153–60, 351, 374, 554, 887–8; (1187) 351, 356, 372–4; (1244) 771, 772
Jews 78, 100, 108, 155, 227, 284, 389, 482, 757, 804, 867
persecution of (1096) 55, 59, 61, 71, 79, 95, 97, 100–106, 282; (1099) 158; (1146–7) 282–6, 292; (1190) 438–9; (in Spain) 656; (by Louis IX) 778, 804; (1320) 881
jihad 21, 52–4, 269–73, 334, 344–5, 352–3, 657, 846
Joan, queen of Sicily 442, 443, 461
Joan of Arc 909–10
Joannitza, king of Bulgaria 550, 555–6
Jocelyn of Brakelond, monk and chronicler 393
John, bishop of Speyer 101
John, king of England 393, 431, 466, 470, 484, 496, 502, 508, 576, 582, 587–9, 595, 612–13, 615, 620, 623, 895
John, king of Sweden 695
John, lord of Joinville, crusader and memorialist 776, 779, 781, 782–3, 787–801 passim, 805, 809, 814
John, saint, Book of Revelation of 31, 157
John I Tzimisces, Byzantine emperor 53
John II Comnenus, Byzantine emperor 188, 194, 265, 268, 323, 534
John II, king of France 832, 883
John IV the Oxite, patriarch of Antioch 193
John V Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor 847, 849, 851
John VI Cantacuzene, Byzantine emperor 843, 851
John VIII, pope 38
John VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor 849–50, 859
John XII, pope 6
John XXII, pope 830, 835, 889, 899–900, 901
John the Baptist 30, 254, 497
John of Basingstoke, scholar 537
John Beaufort 853–4
John Bessarion, cardinal 844, 846, 849
John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem, emperor of Constantinople 556–7, 612, 629, 630–32, 639, 641, 642–7, 716, 725, 736, 740, 741, 743, 756, 897
John Bromyard, OP 891
John of Capistrano, Observant Franciscan and saint 866–9, 891
John the Fearless, count of Nevers, duke of Burgundy 854–7, 858, 861
John of Friaise 510
John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster 853, 854, 901
John Hunyadi, regent of Hungary 862–3, 867–9
John of Ibelin, lord of Arsuf 727, 728
John of Ibelin, ‘Old Lord of Beirut’ 494, 725, 748
John of Ibelin, count of Jaffa 727, 728, 729–31, 784, 787, 791, 806
Le Livre des Assises 729–30
John of Mantua 67
John Paston II, owner of a book on Richard I 886
John Paul II, pope 560, 917
John Phocas, pilgrim 221
John of Plano Carpini, OFM 785
John Sarrasin, French civil servant 787
John Scot Erigena 37
John Torcello, Greek agent 859
John of Würzburg, pilgrim 217, 221, 253, 677
John Wyclif, heresiarch 901, 905
De Cruciata 901
John of Xanten, preacher 619
Joscelin I of Courtenay, count of Edessa 186–7, 221, 271
Joscelin II of Courtenay, count of Edessa 188–9, 268, 331
Joscelin III of Courtenay, titular count of Edessa 357, 358–60, 364
Joscius, archbishop of Tyre 374, 376, 493
Joseph, monk of Canterbury and pilgrim 83
Julian Caesarini, cardinal 862–3
Julius II, pope 901
Julius III, pope 902
just war 32–51, 258
Kalavun, sultan of Egypt 732, 817, 818
Kalojan, king of Bulgaria 510
Kalonymos, rabbi of Mainz 101–2
al-Kamil, sultan of Egypt 630–49 passim, 742, 745–6, 747–52, 755, 764
Karaman 427
Kerak 203, 224, 363, 367, 372, 639
Kerbogha, atabeg of Mosul 129, 134, 137, 138, 140–41, 143, 144, 146–7, 149, 186, 204, 246
Khwarazmians, Turkish freebooters 746, 769, 771
Kibotos 82, 98, 99, 108, 119
Kilij Arslan I, sultan of Rum 124, 127, 128, 129–30, 174, 203
Kilij Arslan II, sultan of Rum 419, 426
Knightsbridge 255
Konya 131, 534
see also Iconium
Koran, the, translations of 245, 859
Kossovo, battle of (1389) 843, 863; (1448) 863
La Forbie, battle of (1244) 771
La Merced, Order of 667
Ladislaus, king of Bohemia 282
Ladislaus IV, king of Hungary 862–3
Lambert, bishop of Arras 63
Landulph, Byzantine agent 327
Lapps 4
Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of (1212) 612, 668–9
Lateran, St John, palace and church of, Rome
First General Church Council at (1123) 488–9, 664
Third General Church Council at (1179) 489, 551, 578, 580, 583
Fourth General Church Council at (1215) 260, 387, 481, 482, 487, 568, 585, 598–9, 616–17, 687, 893
Fifth General Church Council at (1512–17) 873
Lattakiah 117, 135–6, 150, 161, 178, 190, 193, 628, 817
Lavaur, massacre at (1211) 579–80, 584, 585
Lazarus, Order of 256–7
Leo II, king of Armenia 490, 493–4, 632, 644, 716
Leo III, pope 5
Leo IV, pope 38
Leo IX, pope 14, 46
Leopold V, duke of Austria 398–9, 418, 453, 472, 478
Leopold VI, duke of Austria 487, 584, 606, 615, 626, 629, 635, 669
Lepanto, battle of (1571) 903–4
Limoges 72, 74
Lincoln, battle of (1217) 896
Lisbon, siege of (1147) 300, 304, 308–17, 665
Lithuania 677, 682, 684, 689, 693–4, 705–10
Livonia 488, 491, 500, 681, 685–94, 701, 705, 706, 711
Livre au Roi 729
Livy 32
locusts, plagues of 181
Lombards 61, 98, 172–3, 174, 175, 224
War of 725–6
London, Londoners 3, 300, 309, 396, 412, 414, 432, 438, 608
Lorraine, Lorrainers 59, 62, 79, 81, 108–10, 293
Louis, duke of Orléans 854
Louis I, count of Blois 502–3, 505, 507–8, 510, 518, 520, 550, 556, 613
Louis I, count of Clermont, duke of Bourbon 878–9, 880–81, 883
Louis I, duke of Bavaria 625, 645, 741
Louis II, duke of Bourbon 852–3, 883
Louis III, landgrave of Thuringia 413, 418, 428
Louis IV, king of Germany 705, 830, 899
Louis IV, landgrave of Thuringia 744, 746–7
Louis VII, king of France 16, 18, 252, 275–81, 283, 289–338 passim, 384, 420, 489, 550, 580, 737
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