Christopher Tyerman - God's War - A New History of the Crusades
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- Название:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
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God's War: A New History of the Crusades: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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The result is a stunning reinterpretation of the Crusades, revealed as both bloody political acts and a manifestation of a growing Christian communal identity. Tyerman uncovers a system of belief bound by aggression, paranoia, and wishful thinking, and a culture founded on war as an expression of worship, social discipline, and Christian charity.
This astonishing historical narrative is imbued with figures that have become legends--Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus. But Tyerman also delves beyond these leaders to examine the thousands and thousands of Christian men--from Knights Templars to mercenaries to peasants--who, in the name of their Savior, abandoned their homes to conquer distant and alien lands, as well as the countless people who defended their soil and eventually turned these invaders back. With bold analysis, Tyerman explicates the contradictory mix of genuine piety, military ferocity, and plain greed that motivated generations of Crusaders. He also offers unique insight into the maturation of a militant Christianity that defined Europe's identity and that has forever influenced the cyclical antagonisms between the Christian and Muslim worlds.
Drawing on all of the most recent scholarship, and told with great verve and authority,
is the definitive account of a fascinating and horrifying story that continues to haunt our contemporary world.
From Publishers Weekly
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman (
), lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500. Abjuring sentimentality and avoiding clichés about a rapacious West and an innocent East, Tyerman focuses on the crusades' very human paradoxes: "the inspirational idealism; utopianism armed with myopia; the elaborate, sincere intolerance; the diversity and complexity of motive and performance." The reader marvels at the crusaders' inextinguishable devotion to Christ even while shuddering at their delight in massacring those who did not share that devotion. In the end, Tyerman says, what killed crusading was neither a lack of soldierly enthusiasm nor its failure to retain control of Jerusalem, but the loss of Church control over civil societies at home and secular authorities who felt that religion was not sufficient cause for war and that diplomacy was a more rational method of deciding international relations.
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience. 16 color illus.
Review
Christopher Tyerman has crafted a superb book whose majestic architecture compares with Runciman's classic study of the Crusades…He is an entertaining as well as reliable guide to the bizarre centuries-long episode in which Western Christianity willfully ignored its Master's principles of love and forgiveness.
--Diarmaid MacCulloch, author of This is a magisterial work. In
, the Crusades are not just emblematic episodes in a troubled history of Europe's encounter with Islam. Tyerman shows that they are, with all their contradictions—tragedy and tomfoolery, idealism and cynicism, piety and savagery—fundamentally and inescapably human.
--Paul M. Cobb, Associate Professor of Islamic History, Fellow of the Medieval Institute, University of Notre Dame
Tyerman's wonderful book is contemporary medieval history-writing at the top of its game. It is also the finest history of the Crusades that anyone has ever written, fully informed by its predecessors and by the excellent scholarship of the past half century. Trenchantly written on the grand scale and full of vivid detail, clear argument, and sharp judgment,
shows how the entire apparatus of crusade became tightly woven into European institutional and social life and consciousness, offering a highly original perspective on all of early European history and on European relations with non-Europeans. It shows no patience with ignorant mythologizing, modern condescension, or cultural instrumentalism.. In short, it constitutes a crusade history for the twenty-first century—and just in time.
--Edward M. Peters, Henry Charles Lea Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania
At a time when interest in the Middle East and the Crusades has reached a new height, Christopher Tyerman has made a significant contribution to the ever-growing shelves of books devoted to this subject. Tyerman's well-written book focuses heavily on the development of ideas about holy war from antiquity onward and on the crusade to the East from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. It is based on a careful reading of both primary and secondary sources and will prove an important resource for a broad audience of scholars, students, and general readers. The comparison with Runciman's history leaps out from the pages of this large volume and the temptation to address it will no doubt seduce others, but this volume is Tyerman through and through.
--James M. Powell, Professor Emeritus of Medieval History, Syracuse University
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman, lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500...
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience.
Challenging traditional conceptions of the Crusades, e.g., the failure to retain Jerusalem, Tyerman believes that it was the weakening of papal power and the rise of secular governments in Europe that finally doomed the crusading impulse. This is a marvelously conceived, written, and supported book.
--Robert J. Andrews
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Odo, duke of Burgundy 171
Odo III, duke of Burgundy 584, 587–9, 593, 622
Odo of Châteauroux, cardinal and legate 773–4, 776, 778
Odo of Deuil, chronicler 291, 295, 318, 321, 322, 325, 326, 328
Odo of St Maur-les-Fosses 42, 43
Oliver de la Marche 860–61
Oliver of Paderborn 618–19, 621, 633, 634, 638, 640, 647, 736
Oliver of Termes, Cathar sympathizer, crusader 604, 722, 774
Orderic Vitalis, chronicler 48, 214, 249–50
Ordinatio de predicatione Sancti Crucis in Angliae 387–8, 620–21
Origen of Alexandria 29, 32
Orkhan, Ottoman sultan 843, 846, 851
Osbert ‘Anglicus’ 316
Osman (Uthman), founder of the Ottoman dynasty 843
Oswald, king of Northumbria 36, 40, 41
Otho of Trazegnies 389
Othon of Grandson, Savoyard crusader 817, 820
Otto, bishop of Bamberg 678
Otto, bishop of Freising, writer 274, 278, 282–3, 287, 293, 294, 297, 304, 320, 324, 326, 328, 329, 330, 335, 336–7, 680
Otto I, king of Germany, emperor 5, 8–9, 40
Otto IV, king of Germany, emperor 582, 589, 595, 612, 619
Ottokar II, king of Bohemia 702, 704, 815
Ottoman Turks, empire of 560, 711, 826, 828–9, 834, 836–7, 843–74 passim
Oultrejourdain, lordship in Transjordan 203, 205
Outremer
in twelfth century: culture of 233–9; physical characteristics 176–8; settlement in 219–25; society of 212–40
in thirteenth century 715–33; extent of 721
Pannonhalma, massacre at (1096) 95
Palestine, partition of 152
paratge 577–8
Paris
crusade assembly at (1188) 378, 381, 387, 389, 391, 392, 485
siege of 885/6 38
Treaty of (1229) 566, 601–2
Paschal II, pope 72, 75, 170–71, 248, 249, 261, 664
Paschia de Riveri, patriarchal mistress 229
Paul, saint 30, 32, 36, 250
Paul III, pope 873, 893
Paul IV, pope 902
Paul V, pope 874
Paul Vladimiri, Polish advocate 710
Pechenegs 11–12, 61, 115
Pelagius, cardinal and legate 630–49
passim, 740
Pelayo, legendary king of the Asturias 656
Pelekanum 121, 124
Persia, Il-Khanate of 715
Peter I, king of Aragon 659, 662
Peter I, king of Cyprus 831–4, 843, 886
Peter II, king of Aragon 582, 587, 593, 594–5, 596–8, 612, 668–9
Peter III, king of Aragon 898
Peter of Alipha (or Aups) 113–14, 132
Peter Bartholomew, visionary 143–6, 152, 160
Peter of Blois 379–80, 381, 387
Peter of Bruys, heretic 580
Peter of Capuano, legate 495–6, 503, 524, 525, 528, 530, 539, 556
Peter of Castelnau, legate 581, 582
Peter Damian 70
Peter Desiderius 146, 156
Peter Garcias, heretic 567
Peter the Hermit 59, 60, 61, 71, 78–81, 83, 92, 94–100, 106, 108, 109, 138, 146, 156, 160, 282, 497
Peter of Les Vaux-de-Cernay 586
Peter Mauclerc, count of Brittany 759, 761, 762, 765, 775, 793
Peter of Montague, master of the Templars 633, 647
Peter Pitoes, bishop of Oporto 310–11, 312, 314
Peter Raymond of Hautpol 145
Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester 624, 648, 736–7, 743, 744–5, 748, 752, 753, 759
Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny 245, 283
Petra 203
Pheasant, Feast and Vow of 860–61
Philaretus Brachamius of Antioch 134
Philip, bishop of Beauvais 412, 429, 466, 584, 586
Philip, duke of Swabia, king of Germany 519, 520, 538–40, 690
Philip I, the Fat, king of France 11, 62, 107, 192
Philip II, king of France 18, 252, 342, 377–8, 389–90, 391, 393, 394, 397, 470, 484, 496, 502, 508, 513, 518–19, 576, 582, 587–9, 595, 599, 604, 613, 615, 617, 622–3, 736
on the Third Crusade 403, 418, 424, 430–43, 448–55
Philip II, king of Spain 671, 902, 910
Philip III, king of France 812, 816, 818, 898–9
Philip IV, king of France 706, 743, 829–30, 841, 879, 899
Philip V, king of France 830, 835, 880–81
Philip VI, king of France 881
crusade plan of 830–31
Philip of Alsace, count of Flanders 218, 341, 360, 378, 397, 437, 440, 443, 450, 453
Philip of Aubigny 624–5, 745
Philip Basset of Postwick 297
Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy 854
Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy 828, 858–61, 865–6, 870–71, 883
Philip of Mézières, chancellor of Cyprus and propagandist 827–8, 831, 832–3, 854, 857–8, 887, 891, 905
Order of the Passion of 854, 875
Epistre Lamentable 857–8
Philip of Montfort, lord of Tyre 725, 726–7, 728, 796
Philip of Novara, chronicler and legist 729, 730
Philip of Oxford, academic and preacher 623
Philomelium 147
Piacenza, council of (1095) 61–2, 82
Pierre Dubois, writer and polemicist 913–14
Pierre de Thomas, legate 832–3
pilgrimage 43, 54–55, 56, 65–6, 68–70, 72–4, 81–2, 116, 167, 169, 180, 217–18, 221, 247, 251–3, 259, 330, 396, 558, 708, 884, 913
Pilgrimage of Grace (1536) 903
Pippin, king of Italy 37
Pisa, Pisans 54, 55, 178, 179–80, 201, 402, 407, 424, 449, 450, 461, 465, 511, 514, 516, 631, 718, 727, 789, 796, 817, 820
Council of (1135) 248
Pius II, pope 829, 837, 844, 860, 864, 867, 870–71, 893, 908
Pius V, pope 902
Plaisance, queen of Cyprus 728
Poitiers 74
battle of (732) 52; (1356) 909
Poland, kingdom of 9–10
Pons, count of Tripoli 197, 207
poulains , pullani (i.e. Outremer Franks) 216, 717
preaching 64–6, 71, 74–5, 76, 79–80, 170, 245, 246, 278–84, 287–8, 311, 376–89, 477–88, 490, 495, 497–9, 503–4, 568–9, 584–5, 588, 607, 608, 610, 615, 618–23, 690, 705, 736–7, 744, 756, 773–5, 810, 814–15, 832, 867–8, 871, 891
Prester John 641, 642
Pribislav of Lübeck 682, 683
Pribislav of Mecklenberg 683
prophecy 31, 288, 619, 641–3, 909–10, 914
Protestants 873, 893
Prussia 677, 685, 687, 688–9, 694, 698–705, 710–11, 756
Qaqun (Caco), administration of 233–4
Qutb al-Din of Rum 426–7
Rachel of Mainz 102
Radulf (or Raoul or Rudolph), Cistercian demagogue 282–6, 311
Raimbold Croton 87, 156, 249
Rainald Masoir, Antiochene noble 191–2
Rainaldo, crusade commander 98
Rainier Sacconi 573
Ralph of Caen, biographer 87
Ralph of Domfront, patriarch of Jerusalem 193
Ralph Glaber, chronicler 55, 56, 657
Ralph Hauterive, archdeacon of Colchester 432
Ralph Niger, writer 216, 382, 390
Ralph of Tiberias 429, 493
Ramla 117, 153, 160, 219, 224, 463, 807
battle of (1102) 87, 175
Ramon Berenguer I, count of Barcelona 658, 660
Ranieri of Pisa, saint and messiah 219
Ranulf Glanvill, justiciar 386, 395, 428, 433, 435, 438, 441
Raol, chaplain, author of De expugnatione Lyxbonensi 27, 312, 314, 316, 317
Rashid al-Din Sinan, ‘Old Man of the Mountains’, Assassin 199, 352, 466
Ratibor of Pomerania 307
Raymond II, count of Tripoli 197–200, 330, 331, 346
Raymond III, count of Tripoli 197, 198, 199, 200, 234, 348, 354, 358–69, 407
Raymond IV, count of Toulouse 31, 48, 59, 63, 66, 94, 111, 113, 114–16, 120–21, 130, 131, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144–5, 148, 149–61, 173–4, 175, 190, 196, 197, 580, 661
Raymond V, count of Toulouse 397, 579, 580, 605
Raymond VI, count of Toulouse 566, 581, 582–600, 605, 616
Raymond VII, count of Toulouse 599–604, 773, 774, 775, 781
Raymond of Aguilers, chronicler 31, 60, 92, 115, 145, 156, 157
Raymond Pilet of Alès 85
Raymond of Poitiers, prince of Antioch 188, 189, 194, 195, 196, 207, 220, 236, 273, 274, 319, 323, 329, 331, 334, 344, 346
Raymond Roger, count of Foix 579, 596, 598–9
Raymond Roger Trencavel, viscount of Béziers, Cracassonne, etc. 576, 579, 589–90, 593
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