Christopher Tyerman - God's War - A New History of the Crusades
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- Название:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
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The result is a stunning reinterpretation of the Crusades, revealed as both bloody political acts and a manifestation of a growing Christian communal identity. Tyerman uncovers a system of belief bound by aggression, paranoia, and wishful thinking, and a culture founded on war as an expression of worship, social discipline, and Christian charity.
This astonishing historical narrative is imbued with figures that have become legends--Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus. But Tyerman also delves beyond these leaders to examine the thousands and thousands of Christian men--from Knights Templars to mercenaries to peasants--who, in the name of their Savior, abandoned their homes to conquer distant and alien lands, as well as the countless people who defended their soil and eventually turned these invaders back. With bold analysis, Tyerman explicates the contradictory mix of genuine piety, military ferocity, and plain greed that motivated generations of Crusaders. He also offers unique insight into the maturation of a militant Christianity that defined Europe's identity and that has forever influenced the cyclical antagonisms between the Christian and Muslim worlds.
Drawing on all of the most recent scholarship, and told with great verve and authority,
is the definitive account of a fascinating and horrifying story that continues to haunt our contemporary world.
From Publishers Weekly
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman (
), lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500. Abjuring sentimentality and avoiding clichés about a rapacious West and an innocent East, Tyerman focuses on the crusades' very human paradoxes: "the inspirational idealism; utopianism armed with myopia; the elaborate, sincere intolerance; the diversity and complexity of motive and performance." The reader marvels at the crusaders' inextinguishable devotion to Christ even while shuddering at their delight in massacring those who did not share that devotion. In the end, Tyerman says, what killed crusading was neither a lack of soldierly enthusiasm nor its failure to retain control of Jerusalem, but the loss of Church control over civil societies at home and secular authorities who felt that religion was not sufficient cause for war and that diplomacy was a more rational method of deciding international relations.
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience. 16 color illus.
Review
Christopher Tyerman has crafted a superb book whose majestic architecture compares with Runciman's classic study of the Crusades…He is an entertaining as well as reliable guide to the bizarre centuries-long episode in which Western Christianity willfully ignored its Master's principles of love and forgiveness.
--Diarmaid MacCulloch, author of This is a magisterial work. In
, the Crusades are not just emblematic episodes in a troubled history of Europe's encounter with Islam. Tyerman shows that they are, with all their contradictions—tragedy and tomfoolery, idealism and cynicism, piety and savagery—fundamentally and inescapably human.
--Paul M. Cobb, Associate Professor of Islamic History, Fellow of the Medieval Institute, University of Notre Dame
Tyerman's wonderful book is contemporary medieval history-writing at the top of its game. It is also the finest history of the Crusades that anyone has ever written, fully informed by its predecessors and by the excellent scholarship of the past half century. Trenchantly written on the grand scale and full of vivid detail, clear argument, and sharp judgment,
shows how the entire apparatus of crusade became tightly woven into European institutional and social life and consciousness, offering a highly original perspective on all of early European history and on European relations with non-Europeans. It shows no patience with ignorant mythologizing, modern condescension, or cultural instrumentalism.. In short, it constitutes a crusade history for the twenty-first century—and just in time.
--Edward M. Peters, Henry Charles Lea Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania
At a time when interest in the Middle East and the Crusades has reached a new height, Christopher Tyerman has made a significant contribution to the ever-growing shelves of books devoted to this subject. Tyerman's well-written book focuses heavily on the development of ideas about holy war from antiquity onward and on the crusade to the East from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. It is based on a careful reading of both primary and secondary sources and will prove an important resource for a broad audience of scholars, students, and general readers. The comparison with Runciman's history leaps out from the pages of this large volume and the temptation to address it will no doubt seduce others, but this volume is Tyerman through and through.
--James M. Powell, Professor Emeritus of Medieval History, Syracuse University
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman, lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500...
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience.
Challenging traditional conceptions of the Crusades, e.g., the failure to retain Jerusalem, Tyerman believes that it was the weakening of papal power and the rise of secular governments in Europe that finally doomed the crusading impulse. This is a marvelously conceived, written, and supported book.
--Robert J. Andrews
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Louis VIII, king of France 451, 453, 566, 576, 588, 592, 598–601, 620, 622
Louis IX, king of France 345, 558, 601, 670, 727, 728, 737, 758, 759, 762, 769, 830, 881, 908
first crusade 604, 722, 770–802, 803–4, 909
second crusade 805–14
Louis XI, king of France 870
Louis XII, king of France 873
Lowestoft 414
Lübeck 305, 430, 685, 689, 690–92, 701, 702, 704, 744
Lucca 61, 118
Lucius II, pope 273–4, 581
Ad abolendam (1184) 581
Lucius III, pope 342, 417
Ludolf of Tournai 157
Lydda 153
Lyons
First General Council of the Church at (1245) 772, 774, 778, 779, 785, 897
Second General Council of the Church at (1274) 688, 706, 814–16, 837, 840, 849; Constitutiones pro zeli fidei 815
Ma ‘arrat al-Nu ‘man 142, 145, 149–50, 190, 192, 270
Mabel of Bellême 83
Maccabees, the 30–31, 41, 86, 380, 421, 477, 906, 909, 912
Magdeburg, ‘crusade’ circular of 246, 263, 674–6, 677
Magna Carta 615, 617
Magna Mahomeria (al-Bira) 220, 221–2, 223, 232, 754
Magnus II, king of Sweden 697–8
al-Mahdiya 54
crusade to (1390) 852–3
Mainz 78, 100, 101–2, 103, 104, 105
diet of (‘Curia Christi’) (1188) 377, 387, 392, 394, 419
Maldon, battle of (991) 40
Malik Shah, Seljuk sultan 126–7, 128
Mamistra 132
mamluks, slave warriors 22, 348, 352, 415, 729
Bahriyya division 771, 789, 790–91, 792, 795, 797, 807
Mamluks, rulers of Egypt 22, 715, 720–21, 722, 732, 770, 806–7, 817, 826, 831–4, 836–7, 845, 861, 884
Manasses, bishop of Orléans 563–6
Manasses, archbishop of Rheims 172
Manasses of Hierges, constable of Jerusalem 208, 220
Manfred, king of Sicily 806, 898
Mansourah 646–7, 788, 789–94, 796
battle of (1250) 789, 792–4, 797, 799
al-Mansur, ruler of al-Andalus 53, 54, 657, 670
Mantua, conference at (1459–60) 870
Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor 194, 218, 236, 273, 286, 289, 291, 318–19, 321–9, 331, 335, 342, 346–7, 510, 533–7
Manuel II Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor 849, 851
Manzikert, battle of 11, 49, 82, 127
Marasch 132
Margaret of France, queen of Hungary 421
Margaret of Provence, queen of France 789, 796, 811
Margat (Marqab), castle of 446, 817
Maria of Antioch, sister of Bohemund III 194
Maria of Antioch, daughter of Bohemund IV 731
Maria Comnena, queen of Jerusalem 212, 357–61, 372
Maria la Marquise, queen of Jerusalem 493, 632, 724, 725
Marienburg, becomes Teutonic Knights’ HQ 842
Marinid rulers of Morocco 671
Marino Sanudo Torsello, Venetian writer 718, 802, 827–8, 905
Marmoutier, abbey of 63, 70, 71, 74
Marseilles, preaching in 619
Marsilius of Padua 905
Martin, abbot of Pairis 498, 503–4, 506, 517, 520, 553, 557
Martin IV, pope 898
Mary, mother of Jesus, as war goddess and patroness 687–8
‘Master of Hungary’, the, demagogue 804
Matthew Gentile, count of Lesina 625, 645
Matthew Paris, monk and chronicler 625, 717, 721, 762–3, 772, 800
Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary 872
Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, countess of Anjou 195, 207, 208, 300
Matilda, wife of King Stephen, queen of England 255
Mawdud, ruler of Mosul 190, 203, 227, 271
Mecca 203, 345, 362
Medina 203, 345
Mehmed I, Ottoman sultan 852
Mehmed II, the Conqueror, Ottoman sultan 844, 845, 850, 851, 863–6, 868, 871, 872
Meinhard, missionary 689, 690
Melisende, queen of Jerusalem 207, 208, 209–10, 232, 264, 277, 332, 334, 335, 345, 357
Psalter of 210, 236
Memel 689
Merzifon, battle of 174, 175
Messina, and Third Crusade 436, 441–3, 450, 532
Mestwin, duke of Danzig 703
Mezenc, castellans of 86
Michael VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor 557, 815, 849
Michael Choniates, archbishop of Athens 537
Miesco I, king of Poland 5, 10
Miguel de Cervantes 673
Milan, Milanese 3, 175
Patarines of 46–7, 48
Miles of Plancy, seneschal of Jerusalem 209, 220, 357, 359, 360
Milo of Brébant 510
Milo of Evry-le-Châtel 300
Mindaugas, king of Lithuania 702
miscegenation, stories of 175, 230, 750
Mohacs, battle of (1526) 844
Moissac, monks of St Peter’s of 80
Mongols, the 641, 705, 715, 718, 722, 755–6, 769, 770–71, 772, 784–6, 798, 801, 806–7, 813, 815–16, 817, 818, 826, 838, 913–14
Monreal del Campo, militia of 256
Montferrand (Ba ‘rin) 188, 197, 198
Montfort (Galilee), Teutonic Knights’ HQ 748, 754
Montgisard, battle of (1177) 352, 353, 360, 363
Montréal (Shawbak) 203, 224, 239–40, 372, 403, 404, 405, 639
Frankish widow of 240, 404
Montségur, massacre at (1244) 603
Morphia of Melitene 186
Mosul 12, 187, 344, 352, 353, 362, 364
motives 84–9, 163–4, 168, 171–2, 262, 266, 398, 502, 504–5, 506–7, 603, 680, 685–9, 691, 707, 709, 711–12, 759, 769, 772, 782, 795, 800, 809, 883–4
Mount Pilgrim (Qal’at Sanjil) 196
Mount Tabor 362–3, 612, 628
al-Mu ‘azzam, ruler of Damascus 612, 628, 636–7, 645, 746, 748, 749
al-Mu ‘azzam Turanshah, sultan of Egypt 789, 790, 794–7
Muhammed, prophet 51, 362
Muhammed, Seljuk prince 128
Muhammed, sultan of Baghdad 270–71, 272
al-Muqtadi, caliph of Baghdad 128
Murad II, Ottoman sultan 844, 846, 862–3
Muret, battle of (1213) 587, 594, 595, 669
Muslim converts to Christianity 228, 638–9, 656, 670, 811, 815
vice versa 788
al-Mustansir, caliph of Egypt 128
Myriokephalon, battle of (1176) 342, 535
Nablus 224, 229–30
council of (1120) 206, 226, 254
assembly of (1167) 355
assembly at (1186) 365
Naim al-Din Ayyub 188, 350
Napoleon Bonaparte 802
Narbonne, council of (1054) 43
Naser-e Khosraw, Persian traveller 81
al-Nasir, caliph of Baghdad 353
al-Nasir Dawd, ruler of Damascus and Kerak 749, 764–9
Nicaea 11, 59, 75, 98, 113, 121, 124, 129, 135, 142, 317, 320, 321
Nicephoras Phocas, Byzantine emperor 53
Nicetas, Cathar leader 574, 579
Nicetas Choniates, civil servant and historian 423, 425, 514, 515, 536, 537, 546, 553
Nicholas, leader at Cologne of Children’s Crusade 610–11
Nicholas II, pope 14
Nicholas IV, pope 829, 840, 905
Nicholas V, pope 863, 865, 866
Nicholas Kannovos, Byzantine emperor 549
Nicholas Mesarites 553
Nicholas Sabraham 885–6
Nicomedia 82, 83, 173, 174, 323
Nicopolis, battle of (1396) 836, 837, 843, 847, 856–7
Niklot, prince of the Abotrites 305–7, 678–80, 683
Nîmes, Council of 74
Nivelo of Fréteval 86
Nivelo, bishop of Soissons 519, 553, 557
Nizam al-Mulk, vizier of Baghdad 127, 128
Norman conquest of England 17, 19, 44–5, 46, 48, 218
Normans in Greek service 77, 82, 108, 113–14, 116, 193–4, 262, 534
Normans in Italy and Sicily 11–12, 13–15, 46, 54, 55, 119
numbers on crusade 77, 79, 83–4, 89, 97, 112, 117, 124, 130, 134, 143, 153, 160, 179, 308, 317, 333, 374, 389–90, 398, 413, 416, 418, 433, 434, 435–6, 441, 443, 449, 472, 497, 512–14, 520–21, 525, 531, 533, 554, 621, 626–7, 635, 638, 707–8, 743, 745, 746, 747–8, 764, 775, 781, 782, 786–7, 808–10, 813, 815–16, 832, 852–3, 854–6, 867
Nur al-Din, ruler of Aleppo and Damascus 189, 193, 195, 198, 199–200, 203, 225, 268, 270, 271, 273, 330, 331, 332, 333, 343–53
al-Aqsa minbar of 345, 353
Odard, pilgrim 81
Odo, abbot of Cluny, Vita Geraldi Comitis Aurillac 41, 43
Odo, bishop of Bayeux 76, 117
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