Christopher Tyerman - God's War - A New History of the Crusades
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- Название:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
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God's War: A New History of the Crusades: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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The result is a stunning reinterpretation of the Crusades, revealed as both bloody political acts and a manifestation of a growing Christian communal identity. Tyerman uncovers a system of belief bound by aggression, paranoia, and wishful thinking, and a culture founded on war as an expression of worship, social discipline, and Christian charity.
This astonishing historical narrative is imbued with figures that have become legends--Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus. But Tyerman also delves beyond these leaders to examine the thousands and thousands of Christian men--from Knights Templars to mercenaries to peasants--who, in the name of their Savior, abandoned their homes to conquer distant and alien lands, as well as the countless people who defended their soil and eventually turned these invaders back. With bold analysis, Tyerman explicates the contradictory mix of genuine piety, military ferocity, and plain greed that motivated generations of Crusaders. He also offers unique insight into the maturation of a militant Christianity that defined Europe's identity and that has forever influenced the cyclical antagonisms between the Christian and Muslim worlds.
Drawing on all of the most recent scholarship, and told with great verve and authority,
is the definitive account of a fascinating and horrifying story that continues to haunt our contemporary world.
From Publishers Weekly
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman (
), lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500. Abjuring sentimentality and avoiding clichés about a rapacious West and an innocent East, Tyerman focuses on the crusades' very human paradoxes: "the inspirational idealism; utopianism armed with myopia; the elaborate, sincere intolerance; the diversity and complexity of motive and performance." The reader marvels at the crusaders' inextinguishable devotion to Christ even while shuddering at their delight in massacring those who did not share that devotion. In the end, Tyerman says, what killed crusading was neither a lack of soldierly enthusiasm nor its failure to retain control of Jerusalem, but the loss of Church control over civil societies at home and secular authorities who felt that religion was not sufficient cause for war and that diplomacy was a more rational method of deciding international relations.
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience. 16 color illus.
Review
Christopher Tyerman has crafted a superb book whose majestic architecture compares with Runciman's classic study of the Crusades…He is an entertaining as well as reliable guide to the bizarre centuries-long episode in which Western Christianity willfully ignored its Master's principles of love and forgiveness.
--Diarmaid MacCulloch, author of This is a magisterial work. In
, the Crusades are not just emblematic episodes in a troubled history of Europe's encounter with Islam. Tyerman shows that they are, with all their contradictions—tragedy and tomfoolery, idealism and cynicism, piety and savagery—fundamentally and inescapably human.
--Paul M. Cobb, Associate Professor of Islamic History, Fellow of the Medieval Institute, University of Notre Dame
Tyerman's wonderful book is contemporary medieval history-writing at the top of its game. It is also the finest history of the Crusades that anyone has ever written, fully informed by its predecessors and by the excellent scholarship of the past half century. Trenchantly written on the grand scale and full of vivid detail, clear argument, and sharp judgment,
shows how the entire apparatus of crusade became tightly woven into European institutional and social life and consciousness, offering a highly original perspective on all of early European history and on European relations with non-Europeans. It shows no patience with ignorant mythologizing, modern condescension, or cultural instrumentalism.. In short, it constitutes a crusade history for the twenty-first century—and just in time.
--Edward M. Peters, Henry Charles Lea Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania
At a time when interest in the Middle East and the Crusades has reached a new height, Christopher Tyerman has made a significant contribution to the ever-growing shelves of books devoted to this subject. Tyerman's well-written book focuses heavily on the development of ideas about holy war from antiquity onward and on the crusade to the East from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. It is based on a careful reading of both primary and secondary sources and will prove an important resource for a broad audience of scholars, students, and general readers. The comparison with Runciman's history leaps out from the pages of this large volume and the temptation to address it will no doubt seduce others, but this volume is Tyerman through and through.
--James M. Powell, Professor Emeritus of Medieval History, Syracuse University
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman, lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500...
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience.
Challenging traditional conceptions of the Crusades, e.g., the failure to retain Jerusalem, Tyerman believes that it was the weakening of papal power and the rise of secular governments in Europe that finally doomed the crusading impulse. This is a marvelously conceived, written, and supported book.
--Robert J. Andrews
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Raymond Roupen, failed prince of Antioch 644, 723
Raymond of Trencavel, viscount of Béziers, Carcassonne, etc. 600, 601, 604
Rebecca of Cologne 102
Reconquest ( reconquista ) in Spain 13, 54–5, 652–73
recruitment 77–8, 80, 83–4, 87–9, 92–3, 94–6, 106–8, 112, 115, 139, 170–72, 262, 264, 280, 288–301, 305–10, 377, 382, 389–99, 432–3, 437–8, 483–4, 490–92, 497, 502–8, 587–9, 595–6, 607, 610, 618–28, 668, 685, 690, 700–701, 703–4, 707, 710, 736–7, 738, 743–4, 747, 758–60, 773–6, 808–9, 832, 852–3, 855, 867–8
Reiner von Sleiden 297
relics 69, 167–8, 173, 217–18, 266, 278, 291–2, 371, 384, 511–12, 553, 556–8, 605, 762, 783, 808, 879
Renier of Montferrat 517
Reval (Tallinin) 692, 692, 695–6, 698
Reynald of Broyes of Epernay 95, 99
Reynald of Châtillon, prince of Antioch, lord of Oultrejourdain 193, 194, 195, 196, 346, 358–62, 365–72, 380, 405, 407
Reynald Grenier, lord of Sidon 234–5, 358, 371, 404–5, 461, 463
Rhodes 138, 706, 884
see also Hospitallers
siege of (1480) 837, 872; Caoursin’s account of 887
fall of (1522) 844
Richard, abbot of St Vanne 70
Richard, count of Aversa 14
Richard, earl of Cornwall 717, 762–3, 802
crusade of 757–8, 759–60, 763–4, 767–9
Richard I, king of England 18, 234, 290, 351, 374, 376, 377, 389–90, 393, 394–5, 397, 484, 496, 497, 502, 504, 613, 641, 738, 749, 750, 768, 781, 886
on the Third Crusade 403, 430–74
Richard II, king of England 854, 856
Richard Filangieri, imperial agent 725–6, 747, 765
Richard FitzNeal, bishop of London 430
Richard of Salerno (of the Principate) 112, 186, 221
Ridwan of Aleppo 128, 134, 137, 140, 261
Riga 686, 687, 691, 706
Robert I, Count of Artois 772, 788–9, 792–4, 799, 800
Robert I, count of Dreux 280, 295, 432
Robert I, count of Flanders 82, 116
Robert I, duke of Normandy 116, 252
Robert II, count of Dreux 432
Robert II, count of Flanders 59, 72, 82, 106, 114–15, 116–18, 119, 130, 138, 142, 150–52, 155, 157, 161, 248, 505
Robert II Curthose, duke of Normandy 59, 76, 82–3, 106, 114, 115, 116–18, 130, 149–50, 155, 157, 161, 246, 249, 262
Robert of Ansa 112
Robert of Arbrissel 70
Robert of Boves 528
Robert the Bugger (le Bougre) 573
Robert of Clari, knight and chronicler 498, 499, 505, 511, 513, 514, 525–33, 540, 546, 552, 554, 556, 557
Robert of Cokefield 390
Robert of Courçon (Curzon) 584, 613, 620, 621, 622–3
Robert FitzFulk, the Leper, Antiochene noble 191, 230
Robert FitzGerald 112
Robert FitzTristan 112
Robert Guiscard, ruler of southern Italy 11–12, 14, 20, 54, 112, 204, 537
Robert of Rheims, chronicler 86, 93
Historia 245, 418
Robert of Rouen, bishop of Ramla 117
Robert of Sourdeval 112
Rodrigo, last Visigothic king of Spain 653
Rodrigo Diaz, el Cid 20, 126, 204, 659, 663
Poema de Mio Cid 663
Roger, count of Foix 81
Roger Bacon, Oxford don 688
Roger of Barneville 116
Roger Borsa, count of Apulia 77, 112, 117
Roger, son of Dagobert 113, 114
Roger I, count of Sicily 14, 48, 55, 117
Roger II count and king of Sicily 14–15, 194–5, 248, 274, 289–91, 296, 319, 322, 324, 326, 537, 660
Roger Flor, Catalan Templar privateer 821
Catalan Company of 850
Roger of Howden, chronicler, crusader, civil servant 388, 390, 395, 433, 434, 435, 452
Roger of Moulins, master of Hospitallers 367
Roger of Mowbray 296
Roger of Salerno, prince of Antioch 187, 191, 192, 194, 196, 221, 265, 271
Roger of San Severino, Angevin bailli 731
Roger of Wendover, chronicler 721, 745
Romania, Frankish Greece 554–60, 848
Romanus IV Diogenes, Byzantine emperor 11, 96, 127
Rommersdorf, abbot of, letterbook of 615
Roncevalles, battle at 654
see also Song of Roland
Rorgo Fretel of Nazareth 169
Rouen 71, 100, 104
Roussel of Bailleul, mercenary 82
Ruad, island of 352, 732
Rudiger, bishop of Speyer 101
Rudolf of Habsburg, king of Germany 704, 816
Rügen, Rugeners 306, 678, 682, 683, 684
Rum, Seljuk sultan, sultanate of 12, 98–9, 118, 124, 127, 128–9, 173–5, 319, 322, 342, 354, 418, 422, 426, 534, 629, 636, 843, 848
Runciman, Steven 28–9, 101, 406, 495, 558, 560
Russia, Rus (Novgorod), principality of 10–11, 681, 684, 693–4, 696–8, 701–2, 710–11, 756
Ruthard, archbishop of Mainz 102
Saher of Achel 296, 309
St Benet Holme, abbey of 297
St Denis, abbey of 117, 289, 291–2, 440, 585, 610, 783, 811
St Edward, Order of 722
St Félix de Caraman, Cathar assembly at 574
St Germain, abbot of 38
St Mary, Hospital of, Jerusalem 221
St Mary, interfaith shrine at Saidnaya of 719
St Sabas, War of 727–8
St Symeon, Syrian port 135–6, 138, 140, 329
St Thomas of Acre, Order of 257, 745, 908
see also Thomas Becket
St Victor of Marseilles, abbey of 27
Saladin, Yusuf ibn Ayyub, sultan of Egypt and Syria 20, 158, 179, 200, 204, 211, 212, 225, 227, 235, 239, 343, 345, 347–54, 362–4, 366–74, 379, 492, 715
and jihad 21, 345, 352–3, 366, 403, 414
legend of 350–51
and Third Crusade 402–17, 418, 419, 420–21, 422, 425, 427, 443, 446–73
Saladin Tithe, the 381, 389–91, 393, 394, 431, 433–4, 437, 484
al-Salih Ayyub, sultan of Egypt 764, 766–9, 771, 784, 787–90
al-Salih Isma ‘il, ruler of Damascus 764, 766–7
Salimbene of Adam, OFM 816
Samaritans, sect of 213, 229
Samson, abbot of Bury St Edmunds 390, 392
Sancho I, king of Aragon 659
Sancho IV, king of Navarre 658
Sancho VII, king of Navarre 668
Santiago, Order of 256, 667, 670
Saphet, castle of 237, 372, 719–20, 721, 722, 807
‘Saracens’ 125
Savaric de Mauléon 623–4
Savonarola, Girolamo 908
Saxo Grammaticus, chronicler 682
Sayf al-Din, ruler of Mosul 268, 333
Scanderbeg, Albanian nationalist 846, 871
Schism, Papal or Great 852, 878, 895, 900–901
Sebastian, king of Portugal 672
sea power, shipping 61, 82, 138, 140, 148, 153, 170, 179, 289–91, 309–16, 389–90, 398, 402–3, 409, 411–14, 418, 433, 435–7, 441, 507, 508, 509, 511–14, 516, 627–8, 648, 689, 690, 718–19, 780–81, 799, 801, 802, 808, 816, 851
Selim I, the Grim, Ottoman sultan 844, 872
Seljuk Turks 11–13, 49, 81, 82, 83, 118, 119, 126–9, 136, 141, 173, 177, 181, 192, 271
Sergius IV, pope 55
Seville, capture of (1248) 668, 670, 671
Shaizar 188, 329
Shajar al-Durr, sultana of Egypt 789–91, 797
Shawar, Egyptian vizier 347–9
al-Shirazi, Baghdad legist 228
Shirkuh, Asad al-Din, Kurdish mercenary general 348–9
Sicilian Vespers, Wars of 818, 898–9
Sicily 13, 15, 53, 54, 55, 206, 374, 441–2, 896–9
Sidon 153, 179, 202, 204, 219, 265, 372, 492, 722, 748, 822
siege machines 23, 103, 139, 142, 155, 156–7, 162, 313–15, 332–3, 415, 433, 449, 450, 528, 540, 552–3, 586, 595, 634–5, 818–20
Sigebert of Gembloux 92
Sigismund, king of Hungary, Bohemia and Germany, emperor 711, 854–6, 902
Sigurd, king of Norway 251, 265
Silves, capture of (1189) 396, 414
Simeon the Armenian 132
Simon, count of Saarbrücken 631
Simon of Dover 309
Simon of Montfort, the Elder 505, 528–9, 531, 532, 542, 563–7, 576, 578, 579–80, 584, 586, 587, 588, 591–2, 593–9, 603, 605, 610, 612, 616
Simon of Montfort, the Younger, earl of Leicester 726, 737, 758, 759, 760, 762, 768, 896
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