Christopher Tyerman - God's War - A New History of the Crusades
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- Название:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
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The result is a stunning reinterpretation of the Crusades, revealed as both bloody political acts and a manifestation of a growing Christian communal identity. Tyerman uncovers a system of belief bound by aggression, paranoia, and wishful thinking, and a culture founded on war as an expression of worship, social discipline, and Christian charity.
This astonishing historical narrative is imbued with figures that have become legends--Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus. But Tyerman also delves beyond these leaders to examine the thousands and thousands of Christian men--from Knights Templars to mercenaries to peasants--who, in the name of their Savior, abandoned their homes to conquer distant and alien lands, as well as the countless people who defended their soil and eventually turned these invaders back. With bold analysis, Tyerman explicates the contradictory mix of genuine piety, military ferocity, and plain greed that motivated generations of Crusaders. He also offers unique insight into the maturation of a militant Christianity that defined Europe's identity and that has forever influenced the cyclical antagonisms between the Christian and Muslim worlds.
Drawing on all of the most recent scholarship, and told with great verve and authority,
is the definitive account of a fascinating and horrifying story that continues to haunt our contemporary world.
From Publishers Weekly
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman (
), lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500. Abjuring sentimentality and avoiding clichés about a rapacious West and an innocent East, Tyerman focuses on the crusades' very human paradoxes: "the inspirational idealism; utopianism armed with myopia; the elaborate, sincere intolerance; the diversity and complexity of motive and performance." The reader marvels at the crusaders' inextinguishable devotion to Christ even while shuddering at their delight in massacring those who did not share that devotion. In the end, Tyerman says, what killed crusading was neither a lack of soldierly enthusiasm nor its failure to retain control of Jerusalem, but the loss of Church control over civil societies at home and secular authorities who felt that religion was not sufficient cause for war and that diplomacy was a more rational method of deciding international relations.
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience. 16 color illus.
Review
Christopher Tyerman has crafted a superb book whose majestic architecture compares with Runciman's classic study of the Crusades…He is an entertaining as well as reliable guide to the bizarre centuries-long episode in which Western Christianity willfully ignored its Master's principles of love and forgiveness.
--Diarmaid MacCulloch, author of This is a magisterial work. In
, the Crusades are not just emblematic episodes in a troubled history of Europe's encounter with Islam. Tyerman shows that they are, with all their contradictions—tragedy and tomfoolery, idealism and cynicism, piety and savagery—fundamentally and inescapably human.
--Paul M. Cobb, Associate Professor of Islamic History, Fellow of the Medieval Institute, University of Notre Dame
Tyerman's wonderful book is contemporary medieval history-writing at the top of its game. It is also the finest history of the Crusades that anyone has ever written, fully informed by its predecessors and by the excellent scholarship of the past half century. Trenchantly written on the grand scale and full of vivid detail, clear argument, and sharp judgment,
shows how the entire apparatus of crusade became tightly woven into European institutional and social life and consciousness, offering a highly original perspective on all of early European history and on European relations with non-Europeans. It shows no patience with ignorant mythologizing, modern condescension, or cultural instrumentalism.. In short, it constitutes a crusade history for the twenty-first century—and just in time.
--Edward M. Peters, Henry Charles Lea Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania
At a time when interest in the Middle East and the Crusades has reached a new height, Christopher Tyerman has made a significant contribution to the ever-growing shelves of books devoted to this subject. Tyerman's well-written book focuses heavily on the development of ideas about holy war from antiquity onward and on the crusade to the East from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. It is based on a careful reading of both primary and secondary sources and will prove an important resource for a broad audience of scholars, students, and general readers. The comparison with Runciman's history leaps out from the pages of this large volume and the temptation to address it will no doubt seduce others, but this volume is Tyerman through and through.
--James M. Powell, Professor Emeritus of Medieval History, Syracuse University
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman, lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500...
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience.
Challenging traditional conceptions of the Crusades, e.g., the failure to retain Jerusalem, Tyerman believes that it was the weakening of papal power and the rise of secular governments in Europe that finally doomed the crusading impulse. This is a marvelously conceived, written, and supported book.
--Robert J. Andrews
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Hanbali, Muslim sect of 229, 270
Harald Hardrada, king of Norway 19, 20
Harold II, king of England 19, 44, 459
Harold Bluetooth, king of Denmark 19
Harran, siege of (1104) 186, 190
Hartmann, count of Dillingen-Kybourg 80
Hartwig II, archbishop of Bremen 488, 491, 689–90
Hastings, battle of (1066) 45, 67, 75
Hasunan, Kurdish knight 230
Hattin, battle of (1187) 158, 179, 342, 351, 353, 354, 356, 368–74
Hayton, Armenian prince and writer 913
Heliand , The 39
Helmold of Bosau, chronicler 304, 306, 307, 337–8, 679, 682
Henry, bishop of Strassburg 377, 398
Henry, count of Malta 625, 647
Henry, prince of the Abotrites 678
Henry I, duke of Brabant 491–2
Henry I, king of Cyprus 727, 748
Henry I, king of England 195, 207, 247, 249–50, 252, 262
Henry I, king of France 10
Henry II, count of Bar 759, 761, 762, 765–6
Henry II, count of Champagne, ruler of Jerusalem 416, 428, 432, 457, 464, 466–70, 492, 505, 723, 724, 761
Henry II, king of Cyprus, I, king of Jerusalem 732, 818, 820–21
Henry II, king of England 18, 205, 209, 234, 252, 342, 356, 361, 376–8, 380–82, 390, 393, 394–5, 397, 419, 434–5, 453
Henry II, king France 902
Henry II, king of Germany, emperor, saint 10, 289
Henry III, king of England 351, 600, 603, 623, 737–8, 744, 753, 755, 773, 774, 800, 807, 809, 813, 895–6, 898
Henry III, king of Germany, emperor 6
Henry III, duke of Limburg 397
Henry IV, king of England 708–9, 851
Henry IV, king of France 910
Henry IV, king of Germany, emperor 6, 7, 47, 48, 62, 69, 105, 109
Jerusalem plan of 246, 251–2, 677
Henry IV, duke of Limburg 744, 747–8
Henry V, king of England 456, 859, 912
Henry VI, king of England 844
Henry VI, king of Germany, emperor 392–3, 417, 418, 423–4, 441–2, 472, 489–94, 495, 509, 537, 539, 699, 716, 724, 740, 742
Henry VII, king of Germany, emperor 899
Henry VIII, king of England 901, 902, 903
Henry of Albano, cardinal 376–7, 379, 380, 381, 386–7, 417, 420
Henry Despenser, bishop of Norwich 892
his crusade 900–901
Henry of Esch 109
Henry of Hainault-Flanders, emperor of Constantinople 505, 547
Henry Jasomirgott, duke of Bavaria 288, 293
Henry Knighton, chronicler 909, 911
Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony 218, 259, 292, 306, 341, 378, 393, 394, 418, 419, 679, 680, 682, 683
Henry of Livonia, chronicler 686
Henry Marcy, abbot of Cîteaux 580–81
Henry the Monk, donatist heretic 580
Henry the Navigator, prince of Portugal 672
Heraclea (Ereghli) 131, 174, 175
Heraclius, Byzantine emperor 35, 52, 58, 379, 887
Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem 216, 218, 342, 357, 361, 363–4, 365, 372, 382, 417, 429
Herluin, interpreter 146
Hermann ‘quondam Judeus’, né Judas Levi of Cologne, convert 286
Hermann of Salza, master of the Teutonic Knights 699–701, 743, 747, 753, 839
Hervé, count of Nevers 587–9, 593
Hervey of Glanvill 309, 312
Hildegard, abbess of Bingen 341
Hitler, Adolf 689
Hodierna of Jerusalem, countess of Tripoli 199, 200
Hohenstaufen dynasty and crusade 606–7
Holy Blood, for women 621
Holy Fire, ritual of 231
Holy Lance, the 93, 144–5, 146, 160, 173–4
Holy Sepulchre, priory and canons of 221–2, 223–4, 253, 355, 665
Homs 188, 198, 331
Honaz see Cadmus
Honorius III, pope 600, 606, 619, 626, 641, 695, 736, 741, 747, 896
Hospitallers, the, Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem 169, 179, 198, 213, 217, 221, 224, 235, 253–7, 334, 354, 355, 367, 371, 409, 449, 457, 605, 639, 665, 667, 681, 683, 726, 727, 748, 750, 752, 768, 792, 830
criticisms of 838–41, 842
established on Rhodes 706, 834, 837, 842–3, 861, 879, 884–5
role in English politics 839
Hostiensis (Henry of Segusio) 894, 904
Hubert, scholar and crusade recruiter 736, 738
Hubert of Paceo 220
Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury 395, 428–9, 430, 471
Hugh, abbot of Cluny 63, 251
Hugh, archbishop of Lyons 171
Hugh, bishop of Jubail 273, 323
Hugh, count of Avranches and earl of Chester 48–9
Hugh, count of Troyes 254
Hugh, count of Vermandois 59, 107–8, 109, 110, 112, 114, 115, 119, 147, 171, 175
Hugh II, king of Cyprus 728
Hugh II, count of Jaffa 206–7, 208, 209, 220
Hugh III, duke of Burgundy 378, 390, 397, 437, 440, 441, 443, 449, 454–5, 457, 464–6, 468–9
Hugh III, king of Cyprus, I, king of Jerusalem 724, 729, 730–32, 813
Hugh IV, duke of Burgundy 759, 761, 765–6, 775, 784, 808
Hugh IV, count of St Pol 502, 505, 507–8, 520, 540, 542–3, 547, 550
Hugh Bunel, murderer 82–3
Hugh Capet, king of France 16
Hugh of Chaumont, lord of Amboise 249, 253
Hugh Eteriano, scholar 537
Hugh of Ibelin 228, 357, 358
Hugh of Le Puiset, lord of Jaffa 221
Hugh of Payns, founder of Templars 254–5, 264–5
Hugh of St Omer, lord of Galilee 220, 221
Hulegu, Mongol commander 806–7
Humbaud, bishop of Auxerre 247
Humbert II, dauphin of Vienne 843
Humbert III the Old of Beaujeu 256
Humbert V of Beaujeu 601, 759, 762
Humbert of Romans, preacher 688, 814
Humphrey II of Toron 351, 360
Humphrey III of Toron 235, 361, 365, 371, 405, 429, 458, 466
Humphrey Bohun, earl of Hereford 708, 832
Hundred Years War, the 707, 831, 835, 836, 851, 852, 856, 901, 911
Hus, Jan, and Hussites 902, 912
Ibelin, family of 221, 238, 725–7, 731, 754
Ibn al-Athir, historian 333, 344–5, 351, 372, 384–5, 405, 414, 464, 643
Ibn al-Jawzi, writer 754–5
Ibn Jubayr, pilgrim 215, 228, 237
Ibn al-Khashshab, qadi of Aleppo 271
Ibn al-Khayyat, poet 270
Ibn Munir, poet 270
Ibn al-Qalanisi, chronicler 125, 182, 197, 329, 334–5
Ibn al-Qaysarani, poet 270
Ibn Shaddad see Beha al-Din
Ibn Wasil, civil servant and chronicler 746
Iconium (Konya) battle of (1190) 426
Ida, margravine of Austria 175
Iftikhar al-Dawla, governor of Jerusalem 155, 157
Il-Ghazi, ruler of Mardin 191, 192
Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, civil servant and writer 269–70, 353
Imad al-Din Zengi, atabeg of Mosul and of Aleppo 158, 187–9, 192, 203, 268–73, 343, 344, 368, 415
Inab, battle of (1149) 189, 331, 336, 344, 371
indulgences 45, 48, 50, 54–5, 56, 63, 64, 67, 74, 87, 168, 248, 250, 258, 274, 378, 489, 495, 500, 551–2, 581, 582, 585–6, 597–8, 606, 608, 613–14, 633–4, 655, 660, 662, 664, 665, 695, 698, 708, 757–8, 832, 853, 863, 865, 871, 872–4, 884, 888, 893, 896, 902, 911
see also Crusades: privileges and vow redemption
Ingelheim 37
Innocent II, pope 14, 275
Innocent III, pope 477, 479–88, 494, 515, 538, 557, 560, 563, 568, 581–2, 585, 606, 608, 611, 626, 635, 683, 685, 687, 690, 721, 893, 894–5, 896
Ad Liberandam 481–2, 612, 616–18, 634, 815
Albigensian Crusade and 566, 576, 582–8, 592, 597–9, 604, 605
Excommunicamus 894
Fifth Crusade and 606–7, 612–17, 621–2, 625, 628, 634
Fourth Crusade and 495–500, 503, 509–11, 514, 524, 529–30, 532, 538–9, 541, 543, 555
Quia Maior (1213) 477–8, 481–2, 597–8, 612–16, 621, 634
Innocent IV, pope 700, 702, 705, 758, 772, 773–4, 776, 778, 783, 785, 895, 904–5
Innocent VI, pope 842
Innocent VIII, pope 892–3
Inquisition, the 567, 602–3, 604
Investiture Contest, the 6–8, 47–8, 73, 172, 251–2
Ipswich 309
Isabella, queen of Castile 671, 914
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