Christopher Tyerman - God's War - A New History of the Crusades
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- Название:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
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The result is a stunning reinterpretation of the Crusades, revealed as both bloody political acts and a manifestation of a growing Christian communal identity. Tyerman uncovers a system of belief bound by aggression, paranoia, and wishful thinking, and a culture founded on war as an expression of worship, social discipline, and Christian charity.
This astonishing historical narrative is imbued with figures that have become legends--Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus. But Tyerman also delves beyond these leaders to examine the thousands and thousands of Christian men--from Knights Templars to mercenaries to peasants--who, in the name of their Savior, abandoned their homes to conquer distant and alien lands, as well as the countless people who defended their soil and eventually turned these invaders back. With bold analysis, Tyerman explicates the contradictory mix of genuine piety, military ferocity, and plain greed that motivated generations of Crusaders. He also offers unique insight into the maturation of a militant Christianity that defined Europe's identity and that has forever influenced the cyclical antagonisms between the Christian and Muslim worlds.
Drawing on all of the most recent scholarship, and told with great verve and authority,
is the definitive account of a fascinating and horrifying story that continues to haunt our contemporary world.
From Publishers Weekly
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman (
), lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500. Abjuring sentimentality and avoiding clichés about a rapacious West and an innocent East, Tyerman focuses on the crusades' very human paradoxes: "the inspirational idealism; utopianism armed with myopia; the elaborate, sincere intolerance; the diversity and complexity of motive and performance." The reader marvels at the crusaders' inextinguishable devotion to Christ even while shuddering at their delight in massacring those who did not share that devotion. In the end, Tyerman says, what killed crusading was neither a lack of soldierly enthusiasm nor its failure to retain control of Jerusalem, but the loss of Church control over civil societies at home and secular authorities who felt that religion was not sufficient cause for war and that diplomacy was a more rational method of deciding international relations.
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience. 16 color illus.
Review
Christopher Tyerman has crafted a superb book whose majestic architecture compares with Runciman's classic study of the Crusades…He is an entertaining as well as reliable guide to the bizarre centuries-long episode in which Western Christianity willfully ignored its Master's principles of love and forgiveness.
--Diarmaid MacCulloch, author of This is a magisterial work. In
, the Crusades are not just emblematic episodes in a troubled history of Europe's encounter with Islam. Tyerman shows that they are, with all their contradictions—tragedy and tomfoolery, idealism and cynicism, piety and savagery—fundamentally and inescapably human.
--Paul M. Cobb, Associate Professor of Islamic History, Fellow of the Medieval Institute, University of Notre Dame
Tyerman's wonderful book is contemporary medieval history-writing at the top of its game. It is also the finest history of the Crusades that anyone has ever written, fully informed by its predecessors and by the excellent scholarship of the past half century. Trenchantly written on the grand scale and full of vivid detail, clear argument, and sharp judgment,
shows how the entire apparatus of crusade became tightly woven into European institutional and social life and consciousness, offering a highly original perspective on all of early European history and on European relations with non-Europeans. It shows no patience with ignorant mythologizing, modern condescension, or cultural instrumentalism.. In short, it constitutes a crusade history for the twenty-first century—and just in time.
--Edward M. Peters, Henry Charles Lea Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania
At a time when interest in the Middle East and the Crusades has reached a new height, Christopher Tyerman has made a significant contribution to the ever-growing shelves of books devoted to this subject. Tyerman's well-written book focuses heavily on the development of ideas about holy war from antiquity onward and on the crusade to the East from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. It is based on a careful reading of both primary and secondary sources and will prove an important resource for a broad audience of scholars, students, and general readers. The comparison with Runciman's history leaps out from the pages of this large volume and the temptation to address it will no doubt seduce others, but this volume is Tyerman through and through.
--James M. Powell, Professor Emeritus of Medieval History, Syracuse University
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman, lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500...
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience.
Challenging traditional conceptions of the Crusades, e.g., the failure to retain Jerusalem, Tyerman believes that it was the weakening of papal power and the rise of secular governments in Europe that finally doomed the crusading impulse. This is a marvelously conceived, written, and supported book.
--Robert J. Andrews
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Benzo of Alba 69
Berengaria of Navarre, queen of England 442–4, 450
Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux 27–8, 68, 250–51, 252, 255, 257, 275–99, 304–5, 306, 310, 311, 337–8, 384, 489, 569, 580, 674, 678–80
De consideratione 337–8
De laude novae militiae 250–51, 255, 256, 277
Bernard, count of Ploetzkau 293, 320
Bernard Gui, inquisitor 602–3
misrepresention of, in Umberto Eco’s Name of the Rose 602
Bernard of Valence, patriarch of Antioch 193
Bertha of Sulzbach, Byzantine empress 319
Berthier of Orléans, poet and clerk 388–9
Berthold, bishop of Livonia 488, 689–90
Bertrada of Montfort, countess of Anjou 107
Bertrand, acting count of Toulouse, count of Tripoli 196–7, 198
Bertrand, claimant to county of Tripoli 198–9, 331
Bertrand of Born, troubadour 575
Bertrand du Guesclin 886
Bertrand of Montcontour 86
Bertrand du Poujet, legate 900
Bertrandon de la Brocquière, Burgundian agent 828, 846, 859
Bethgibelin 221, 224, 231
Bethlehem 153, 155, 202, 207, 225, 231, 236, 336, 471, 740
Béziers, massacre at (1209) 590–92
Birger, king of Sweden 697
Birger Jarl, Swedish crusader 697
Blanche of Castile, queen of France 772, 780, 803
Bodrum (Halicarnassus), St Peter’s castle at 884–5
Bogomils, Balkan heretics 573–4
Bohemia, kingdom of 9–10
Bohemund, prince of Taranto and
Antioch 14, 15, 59, 71, 76–7, 82, 93, 94, 110–14, 115, 119–20, 121, 130, 131–2, 136–7, 138–42, 145, 146–52, 161, 175, 178, 186, 190, 193–4, 197, 201, 203, 221, 234, 246, 258, 261–3, 537
physical description of 262
Bohemund II, prince of Antioch 191–2, 194, 195, 196, 200, 264, 267, 346
Bohemund III, prince of Antioch 191, 346, 347, 348, 361, 403, 428, 492
Bohemund IV, count of Tripoli, prince of Antioch 200, 492, 555, 716, 723
Bohemund V, count of Tripoli, prince of Antioch 726, 785
Bohemund VI, count of Tripoli, prince of Antioch 728, 806
Bohemund VII, count of Tripoli 817
Boleslav III, king of Poland 678
Boniface III, marquis of Montferrat 504, 517–20, 525, 528, 531, 532–3, 538–9, 541–2, 547, 550, 554–5, 556, 588
Boniface VIII, pope 842, 899
Boniface IX, pope 854
Bonizo, bishop of Sutri 47, 67
Liber de Vita Christiana 47
Boris, Hungarian claimant 321
Boucicaut, Jean le Meingre, Marshal of France 707, 846, 856
Bourges, assembly at (1145) 276–7, 278, 323
Bouvines, battle of (1214) 595, 598, 615
Bremen 398, 412, 414, 424, 430, 685, 689
Brian FitzCount 168, 244
Bridget of Sweden, saint 697
Brindisi 118, 290, 323, 440, 520, 741, 744, 745, 746, 748, 762
Bromholm, abbey of 558
Bruno, bishop of Olmutz 706, 815
Bruno of Segni, papal legate 261
bula de la cruzada 655, 671
Burchard, bishop of Worms 44
Burchard, count of Vendôme 42, 43
Bursuq of Hamadan 187, 191
Byzantine church, union with Rome 538, 559–60, 815, 816, 838, 849–50, 862
Byzantium, empire of 1, 4, 10–12, 21, 35, 49–50, 52–3, 68, 162, 181, 189–90, 191, 193–4, 195, 261–3, 265–6, 273–4, 290–91, 342, 349, 360, 496, 501, 509–10, 514–15, 533–8, 555–60, 830, 845–52
Cadmus, Mt (Honaz Daghi), battle of (1148) 326–7
Caesarea 153, 178, 179, 205, 220, 224, 233–4, 355, 628, 636, 722, 748, 807
Caesarius of Heisterbach, theologian 479, 480
Caffaro, Genoese chronicler 180
Calatrava, Order of 256, 667–8
Calixtus II, pope 249, 253, 258, 265, 275, 664, 668
Calixtus III, pope 865, 869, 871, 890
Caltabellota, treaty of (1302) 899
Canary Islands 838
Canute, Danish duke 252, 264, 681
Canute V, king of Denmark 305, 680, 681
Canute VI, king of Denmark 377, 382, 690
Carmelites, Order of 730
Casal Imbert 222, 404, 726
Castelnaudary 563–6, 596, 624
Catalan Company, the 162, 850
Cathars, Catharism 568–605
Celestine III, pope 480, 488, 491, 666–7, 685
Cerne, monks of 106
Chanson d’Antioche, La 40, 84, 86, 246, 248
chansons de geste 49, 50, 56, 245, 246
Chanson des chétifs 236
Charlemagne, king of the Franks, emperor 5, 36–7, 40, 68, 650, 908
Charles IV, king of France 830
Charles V, king of France 887–8
Charles VI, king of France 852, 854, 858
Charles VII, king of France 866, 909–10
Charles VIII, king of France 872, 910
Charles IV, king of Germany and Bohemia, emperor 887
Charles V, king of Germany and Spain, emperor 671, 902, 910
Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily 724, 731–2, 772, 795, 806, 807, 810–12, 815, 816, 817–18, 838, 849, 898
Charles the Good, count of Flanders 207, 252
Charles the Rash, duke of Burgundy 858, 861
Châteaudun, crusade confraternity of 776
Christian, bishop of the Prussians 699–700, 704
Christian of Gistel 299, 300, 309–17 passim
Christians
Armenian 125, 193, 215, 226, 232, 849
Coptic 126, 637
Greek Orthodox 125, 192–3, 194, 225, 226, 231, 681, 684, 849–50
Jacobite 125, 193, 225, 226, 232
Maronite 125, 225, 226, 616
Melkite 226, 616
Mozarab 314, 315, 654, 660
Nestorian 213, 226, 641, 642, 785
‘Syrian’ 204, 215, 224–5, 226, 231–2, 235
Christine de Pisan, mystic and polemicist 909
Chud-Peipus, Lake, battle of (1242) 696, 701
Church reform movement of eleventh century 6–8, 45–7, 64, 68
Cicero 32, 34
Cilician Armenia 59, 126, 129, 131–2, 139, 149, 190, 194, 261, 319, 328, 427, 716, 723, 817, 826
Cistercians, order of, and crusade 296, 381, 497, 499, 503–4, 588
Clairvaux, abbey of 68
Clement III, pope 441, 479, 481, 482
Clement IV, pope 807, 809, 810, 896, 898
Clement V, pope 706, 830, 841, 842, 879, 909
Clement VI, pope 698, 889, 891
Clement VII, anti-pope 900–901
Clermont, council of (1095) 44, 58, 61, 62–74, 244, 248, 279, 386, 387, 655, 915
Clovis, king of the Franks 36
Cluny, abbey of 27, 63, 69
Cologne 3, 78, 100, 103, 309, 314, 398, 412, 414, 608–10, 685, 744
Coloman I, king of Hungary 95, 96, 99–100, 103, 109
Columbus, Christopher 672, 914–15
Comana 113, 122, 132
Compostela, shrine of St James/Santiago at 54, 70, 263, 657
Conon of Béthune, poet and crusader 389, 510
Conrad, constable to Henry IV of Germany 171, 173
Conrad, duke of Mazovia 699–700, 703, 704
Conrad III, king of Germany 8, 252, 256, 274, 281–2, 284, 286–338 passim, 384, 417, 420, 677, 679–80
Conrad III (Conradin), king of Jerusalem 724, 727, 728, 730, 806, 898
Conrad IV, king of Germany, II, king of Jerusalem 724, 725–6, 727, 756, 762, 898
Conrad of Krosigk, bishop of Halberstadt 506, 508, 517, 520, 528, 542, 557, 619
Conrad of Montferrat, king of Jerusalem 372, 384, 402, 404, 406–9, 411, 413, 415, 416, 428, 429, 444, 450, 452, 454–5, 461, 462, 464–6, 518, 723
Constance, General Council of the Church at (1414–18) 710, 842, 902
Constance, princess of Antioch 191, 194, 346–7
Constance of France, wife of Bohemund of Taranto 261
Constance of Sicily, wife of Henry VI of Germany 417, 424, 441, 489
Constantine the Great, Roman emperor 4, 5, 33
Donation of 5
Constantine IX, Byzantine emperor 10
Constantine XI, Byzantine emperor 850, 864
Constantinople 2, 50, 52, 59, 61, 98, 108, 110, 112–14, 116, 118–22, 172, 319, 320, 321, 322, 326, 359, 422, 425, 535, 851
fall of (1453) 844, 846, 847, 850, 860, 863–6
and Fourth Crusade 495–6, 501, 524, 531, 539–60
Latin empire of 524, 535–6, 550–51, 554–60, 632, 756, 761–2
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