Christopher Tyerman - God's War - A New History of the Crusades
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- Название:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
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The result is a stunning reinterpretation of the Crusades, revealed as both bloody political acts and a manifestation of a growing Christian communal identity. Tyerman uncovers a system of belief bound by aggression, paranoia, and wishful thinking, and a culture founded on war as an expression of worship, social discipline, and Christian charity.
This astonishing historical narrative is imbued with figures that have become legends--Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus. But Tyerman also delves beyond these leaders to examine the thousands and thousands of Christian men--from Knights Templars to mercenaries to peasants--who, in the name of their Savior, abandoned their homes to conquer distant and alien lands, as well as the countless people who defended their soil and eventually turned these invaders back. With bold analysis, Tyerman explicates the contradictory mix of genuine piety, military ferocity, and plain greed that motivated generations of Crusaders. He also offers unique insight into the maturation of a militant Christianity that defined Europe's identity and that has forever influenced the cyclical antagonisms between the Christian and Muslim worlds.
Drawing on all of the most recent scholarship, and told with great verve and authority,
is the definitive account of a fascinating and horrifying story that continues to haunt our contemporary world.
From Publishers Weekly
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman (
), lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500. Abjuring sentimentality and avoiding clichés about a rapacious West and an innocent East, Tyerman focuses on the crusades' very human paradoxes: "the inspirational idealism; utopianism armed with myopia; the elaborate, sincere intolerance; the diversity and complexity of motive and performance." The reader marvels at the crusaders' inextinguishable devotion to Christ even while shuddering at their delight in massacring those who did not share that devotion. In the end, Tyerman says, what killed crusading was neither a lack of soldierly enthusiasm nor its failure to retain control of Jerusalem, but the loss of Church control over civil societies at home and secular authorities who felt that religion was not sufficient cause for war and that diplomacy was a more rational method of deciding international relations.
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience. 16 color illus.
Review
Christopher Tyerman has crafted a superb book whose majestic architecture compares with Runciman's classic study of the Crusades…He is an entertaining as well as reliable guide to the bizarre centuries-long episode in which Western Christianity willfully ignored its Master's principles of love and forgiveness.
--Diarmaid MacCulloch, author of This is a magisterial work. In
, the Crusades are not just emblematic episodes in a troubled history of Europe's encounter with Islam. Tyerman shows that they are, with all their contradictions—tragedy and tomfoolery, idealism and cynicism, piety and savagery—fundamentally and inescapably human.
--Paul M. Cobb, Associate Professor of Islamic History, Fellow of the Medieval Institute, University of Notre Dame
Tyerman's wonderful book is contemporary medieval history-writing at the top of its game. It is also the finest history of the Crusades that anyone has ever written, fully informed by its predecessors and by the excellent scholarship of the past half century. Trenchantly written on the grand scale and full of vivid detail, clear argument, and sharp judgment,
shows how the entire apparatus of crusade became tightly woven into European institutional and social life and consciousness, offering a highly original perspective on all of early European history and on European relations with non-Europeans. It shows no patience with ignorant mythologizing, modern condescension, or cultural instrumentalism.. In short, it constitutes a crusade history for the twenty-first century—and just in time.
--Edward M. Peters, Henry Charles Lea Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania
At a time when interest in the Middle East and the Crusades has reached a new height, Christopher Tyerman has made a significant contribution to the ever-growing shelves of books devoted to this subject. Tyerman's well-written book focuses heavily on the development of ideas about holy war from antiquity onward and on the crusade to the East from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. It is based on a careful reading of both primary and secondary sources and will prove an important resource for a broad audience of scholars, students, and general readers. The comparison with Runciman's history leaps out from the pages of this large volume and the temptation to address it will no doubt seduce others, but this volume is Tyerman through and through.
--James M. Powell, Professor Emeritus of Medieval History, Syracuse University
This is likely to replace Steven Runciman's 50-year-old
as the standard work. Tyerman, lecturer in medieval history at Oxford University, demolishes our simplistic misconceptions about that series of ferocious campaigns in the Middle East, Muslim Spain and the pagan Baltic between 1096 and 1500...
is that very rare thing: a readable and vivid history written with the support of a formidable scholarly background, and it deserves to reach a wide audience.
Challenging traditional conceptions of the Crusades, e.g., the failure to retain Jerusalem, Tyerman believes that it was the weakening of papal power and the rise of secular governments in Europe that finally doomed the crusading impulse. This is a marvelously conceived, written, and supported book.
--Robert J. Andrews
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Alexander II, pope 54–5, 56, 104, 660
Alexander III, pope 210, 342, 682, 695
Alexander IV, pope 696, 705, 806, 898
Alexander VI, pope 698, 711, 871
Alexander Nevsky, ruler of Novgorod 696
Alexandretta 135
Alexandria 238, 402, 515–16
crusade to (1365) 831–4, 837
patriarch of 4
Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor 12, 15, 21, 59, 61–2, 69, 72, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 96–9, 108–16, 118–22, 124, 125, 136, 147–8, 152, 172–3, 178, 193–4, 261–2, 325, 534, 537
Alexius II Comnenus, Byzantine emperor 517, 536
Alexius III Angelus, Byzantine emperor 490, 509–10, 515, 536, 537–9, 544–7
Alexius IV Angelus, Byzantine emperor 519, 520, 528, 532–3, 538–49, 553–4, 559
Alexius V Ducas ‘Murzuphlus’, Byzantine emperor 549–54
Alice of Jerusalem, princess of Antioch 191, 194, 200
Alice of Jerusalem, queen of Cyprus 726, 727
Alfonso I, king of Aragon 250, 253, 256, 664–5
Alfonso V, king of Aragon and Naples 865, 866
Alfonso VI, king of Leon-Castile 658–9, 660–61
Alfonso VII, king of Leon-Castile 264, 313, 665
Alfonso VIII, king of Castile 488, 666, 668–9
Alfonso IX, king of Leon 666
Alfonso X, king of Leon-Castile 671
Alfonso-Jordan, count of Toulouse 196–7, 198, 277, 280, 290, 294, 295, 329, 330, 397, 580
Alfred, king of Wessex 38, 41
Aljubarotta, battle of (1385) 901
Allenby, Edmund, British General 469, 771
Almeria 304, 665
Almohads 488, 494, 608, 612, 665–6, 668–9, 721
Almoravids 13, 250, 263, 311, 661–2, 721
Alp Arslan, Seljuk sultan 126–7
Alphonse, count of Poitiers 601, 772, 775, 779, 781, 784, 786, 788, 808, 812
Amadeus of Savoy, count of Maurienne 280, 289, 290, 298, 323
Amadeus VI, count of Savoy 832
his crusade 833, 843, 851, 852
Amalfi 71
hospital of in Jerusalem 180, 253
Amalric, king of Jerusalem 201, 208–9, 212, 218, 223, 231, 236, 332, 337, 347–50, 357–8, 359
Amaury of Montfort 563–6, 600, 757, 759, 765–6
Ambroise, poet chronicler 351, 472–3
Ambrose of Milan 29, 33–4, 173
Americas, the 838, 910, 914
Anacletus II, anti-pope 14, 248, 266
Andrew II, king of Hungary 615, 626–7, 629, 635, 699
Andrew of Longjumeau, OP 785, 786, 798
Andronicus I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor 422, 517
Andronicus II Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor 838, 849
Ankara, battle of (1402) 847, 856
Anna Comnena 97, 111–12, 113, 114, 119–20, 147, 262, 537
Alexiad 111–12
Anse, synod of 171, 247
Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury 49, 88, 236, 569
Anselm, bishop of Havelburg 305, 307
Anselm of Lucca 67
Anselm, archbishop of Milan 170, 174
Anselm of Ribemont 164, 172
Antioch (in Syria) 12, 15, 53, 61, 119, 120, 122, 126, 129, 133, 136, 175, 403, 422, 427–8, 453, 534, 536, 806, 810
Assises d’Antioche 729
battle of 146–7
Lake of, battle of (1098) 140
patriarchate of 4, 193, 197, 323
principality of 85, 111, 112, 149, 178, 187, 188, 189–96, 212–40, 273, 319, 323, 345–6, 354, 716, 721
siege of (1097–8) 59, 80, 93, 117, 120, 132–48, 155, 163, 334
apartheid 225–40
Apocalypse, the 31, 247
Arda of Edessa 202, 207
Aristotle 32, 34
Politics 32
Armenians 118–19, 132, 134, 135, 141, 142, 227
Arnaud Aimery, abbot of Cîteaux 581, 582, 583, 584–5, 587–92, 597, 669
Arnold III, count of Aerschot 300, 308–17 passim
Arnold, bishop of Lisieux 295
Arnold of Lübeck, chronicler 392, 418, 492, 685
Arnulf of Chocques, twice patriarch of Jerusalem 117, 145, 156, 160, 169, 204
Arnulf, king of the East Franks 38
Arpin, viscount of Bourges 175
Arqah, siege of (1099) 142, 145, 150–53
Arrabit, family of 228
Arsuf 161, 179
battle of (1191) 353, 439, 458–9
Ascalon 157, 206, 330, 332, 335, 372, 722, 765, 768, 771
battle of (1099) 60, 117, 140, 141, 160, 162
capture of (1153) 344, 346
and Third Crusade 456–71
al-Ashraf Khalil, sultan of Egypt 732, 818–22
Assassins, the, Shi’ite sect 128, 198, 199, 352, 466
assise de l’an et jour 196
assise des bourgeois 231, 729
assise du coup apparent 223
assise sur la ligece 205, 211, 223
assises (laws) of Jerusalem 205, 213, 230
Athena Promachos, Phidias’s statue of 548
Athlit, Chêteau Pèlerin 628, 637, 645, 648, 722, 822
Augustine of Hippo 29, 34–5, 38, 567, 583
Autun, crusade vowsat (1095) 63
Avars 36, 37
Avis, Order of 256, 667
Aymar, patriarch of Jerusalem 509, 721
al-Azimi, Aleppan chronicler 81
Al-Babayn, battle of (1167) 337, 348
Bacon, Francis, on holy war 875
Badr al-Jamali, vizier of Egypt 128
Bahram, vizier of Egypt 225
Baibars al-Bunduqdari, sultan of Egypt 351, 722, 728–9, 730–31, 797, 807, 813, 817
Baghdad 2, 173, 175, 554, 806
Abbasid caliphate, caliphs of 1, 12, 52, 53, 126, 188, 191, 195, 345, 348, 350, 353, 806
Bagrat the Armenian 134
Baha’ al-Din ibn Shaddad, writer and civil servant 235, 353, 384–5, 403, 406, 411, 414, 420, 442–3, 452, 456, 459, 464, 470, 472
Balak of Aleppo 187, 265, 271
Baldric of Borgueil, chronicler 93
Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury 377–8, 381, 383, 385–7, 393, 395, 407, 428–30, 433, 435, 441
Baldwin, intimate, perhaps lover, of Baldwin I 202
Baldwin I, count of Edessa and king of Jerusalem 20, 82, 109, 111, 131–2, 134, 149, 161, 164, 178, 185–6, 187, 190, 195, 197, 200–205, 207, 254, 259, 357
Baldwin II, emperor of Constantinople 556, 632, 762, 783
Baldwin II, of Le Bourcq, count of Edessa and king of Jerusalem 109, 186–7, 188, 191, 194, 195, 200–201, 204–9, 221, 225, 228, 231, 264, 265, 267, 271, 346
Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem 195, 201, 207, 208–9, 212, 216, 223, 231, 331–2, 334, 335, 345, 346–7, 357
Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem 209–11, 212, 227, 354, 356, 357–64
leprosy of 210–11, 212, 356
Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem 209, 236–7, 354, 361, 363–5
Baldwin IX, count of Flanders, emperor of Constantinople 502–3, 505, 507–8, 509, 510, 516, 518–20, 525–6, 531, 542, 550, 554–6, 559, 613, 885, 888
Baldwin of Ibelin 229, 359–60, 361, 365–6
Baldwin of Marasch 235, 268
Baldwin of Mons, count of Hainault 63
Balian of Ibelin 229, 371, 372, 429, 472
Balts, the 677, 685
al-Bara 121, 138, 140, 149, 190
Barbastro 660, 661
Bari 11–12, 14, 55, 108, 112, 537
Barisan (or Balian), founder of Ibelin family 221
Barisan of Beirut 725
Barkyaruq, Seljuk prince 128
Basil II, the Bulgar Slayer, Byzantine emperor 11, 55, 535
Bayeux Tapestry, the 76
Bayezid I, Ottoman sultan 846, 851, 853, 856–7
Bayezid II, Ottoman sultan 872
Bayt Nuba 462–4, 467–9
Beaufort, castle of 235, 404–5, 406, 407, 409, 415, 810
Bede 36, 41
Bedouin 4, 12, 226, 347, 356, 638
Bedum, Frisia 618–19
Beirut 153, 179, 221, 352, 372, 492, 495, 822
Ibelin palace at 238, 718, 730
Bela III, king of Hungary 419, 421, 434, 626
Bela IV, king of Hungary 785
Bela of Hungary 224
Belchite, confraternity of 256
Belgrade 96, 844
defence of (1456) 837, 844, 866–9
Belvoir, castle of 232, 372
bathroom at 238
Benedetto Accolti, chancellor of Florence and historian 829
Benedict, saint 39
Benedict VIII, pope 55
Benedict XII, pope 830–31, 905
Benedict XIII, anti-pope 854
Benedict d’Alignan, bishop of Marseilles 719–20
Benevento, battle of (1266) 898
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